<p>The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Depot in Moose Lake, Minnesota, United States, is a depot built in 1907 by the Soo Line Railroad. The building was one of the few buildings that survived the 1918 Cloquet Fire, and it was used to provide shelter for those left homeless in the fires.</p><br>
<p>The railroad first built a depot in this location in 1873. The 1918 Cloquet Fire started on October 12, 1918, with a background of a hot, dry summer, followed by a fall with little rain. The fire started on a windy day when a spark, possibly thrown from a passing train, ignited nearby brush. Much of the area, from Sturgeon Lake to Moose Lake, Cloquet, and close to Duluth, was devastated by the fire. It killed 453 people, and 52,000 homes were destroyed. The American Red Cross housed the homeless in "fire shacks". The residents of Moose Lake decided to rebuild the community.</p><br>
<p>The depot now serves as the Depot and Fires of 1918 Museum that tells the stories of the tragedy and the heroism brought out by the fire. The museum is operated by the Moose Lake Area Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The Soo Line tracks are now gone, replaced by a recreational trail, the Soo Line Trail.</p><br>
<p>Padah-Lin Caves  are limestone caves located in Taunggyi District, Shan State, Burma . It is located near a path from Nyaunggyat to Yebock, on a spur of the Nwalabo mountains within the Panlaung Reserved Forest. There are two caves; the smaller of the two is a rock shelter while the larger cave comprises nine chambers connected by narrow passages in a north-south axis, three large sink holes that let natural light in, and several active speleothem formations.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A superficial investigation of the caves in Shan State had been performed by the American South-East Expedition for Early Man in 1937–1938, and geologist U Khin Maung Kyaw discovered the paintings in 1960. and another expedition to the caves was mounted in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 4 October 1996 in the Cultural category.</p><br>
<h2>Contents</h2><br>
<p>Red ochre paintings of human hands, fish, bulls, bison, deer and other objects are visible at the rock shelter. The art has not been directly dated. The walls of the cave have also been decorated with carved patterns. More than 300 cupules have been documented in the rockshelter.</p><br>
<p>Excavations at the rock shelter from 1969 to 1972 recovered seven pieces of charcoal and bone that were radiocarbon dated to between 1,750 and 13,000 years BP. The excavation also recovered over 1,600 stone artifacts as well as many pieces of bone and red ochre. The stone artifacts include unifacial choppers, bifacial chopping tools, perforated stone rings, adzes and scrapers.</p><br>
<p>A small Buddhist stupa has been erected at the eastern end of the rockshelter, and several stupas of varying sizes have been built in the chambers of the cave.</p><br>
<p>Campbellsville, Kentucky is a century old city. The National Register of Historic Places  designates a collection of about 20 buildings in downtown Campbellsville.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The district is roughly bounded by Columbia Ave., Broadway, 1st, Hotchkiss Sts., Central Ave. (both sides), and railroad tracks.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The most notable structure is Merchant Tower (circa 1910, 17,000 sq ft, 3-stories with tower, formally named Merchants Hotel). It is a standalone listing in the National Register of Historical Places. Also on the 100 block, the Willock Building (circa 1909) has a stature at 3 stories tall and nearly 22,000 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 100 and 200 block of Main Street are lined with century old brick, stone, and iron buildings with Italianate architecture facades. Merchant Tower was designed with Romanesque architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Revitalization</h2><br>
<p>In Campbellsville&#39;s historic district, the Main Street Manager oversees preservation and revitalization. The Kentucky Heritage Council (Kentucky State Historic Preservation Office) is a valued source of information.</p><br>
<p>Frederick E. Hyde Fjord is a fjord in Peary Land, far northern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>To the east Frederick E. Hyde Fjord opens into the Arctic Ocean with its mouth just to the north of Cape John Flagler.</p><br>
<p>Freja Fjord, Thor Fjord and Odin Fjord are branches on the southern shore of the fjord, about 65, 95 and 120 km from the mouth respectively; Frigg Fjord is an offshoot on the northern shore located 95 km from the mouth.</p><br>
<p>The 1,220 m high Nordkronen plateau is located on the southern side of Frederick E. Hyde Fjord. The Nordkronen has many glaciers and is intersected by deep ravines with steep sides. 1,737 m high Wistar Bjerg, one of the highest points in Peary Land, rises above the fjord between the Freya and Thor fjords at the edge of the plateau.</p><br>
<p>Mount Farquhar, or Mount Francis Farquhar, is a peak in Kings Canyon National Park. It is named in for Francis P. Farquhar, a conservationist who played a key role in creating the park.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Farquhar is, in the southern portion of Kings Canyon National Park, on the Great Western Divide north of North Guard and Mount Brewer. Its west facing slopes feed Sphinx Creek, while its east facing slopes feed Cross Creek and North Guard Creek. All of these drain through Bubbs Creek to the South Fork of the Kings River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This summit was informally known as Notch Peak, after the prominent notch in its profile when seen from the east, until 1989. That year, the United States Geological Survey&#39;s Board on Geographic Names recognized a new name of the peak to commemorate Francis Farquhar, who had died fifteen years earlier. Farquhar, a local mountaineer, had worked as an author and a director of the Sierra Club to protect the Kings Canyon region of the Sierra Nevada.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent was made on July 17, 1932 by the South Ridge route. A large first ascent party was composed of Dorothy Baird, D.R. Brothers, Alice Carter, Norman Clyde, Glen Dawson, William Dulley, Patricia Goodhue, Katherine Lindforth, Julie Mortimer, Arthur Neld, Lincoln O&#39;Brien, Thomas Rawles, John Schager and Alfred Weiler. They scrambled cross country to the Sphinx Lakes, climbed to the col south of the peak, and ascended by way of the south ridge.</p><br>
<p>Other established routes on Mount Farquhar include the Northwest Ridge, the Blank Stair Route (grade IV, class 5.10+), and the Northeast Face (grade IV, class 5.8) put up in September 1971 by Jeanne Neal and Galen Rowell.</p><br>
<p>12 Fife Lane,  Miramar, Wellington was the first state house under the First Labour Government of New Zealand. Completed in 1937, the three-bedroom, one-bathroom house was built with plastered brick walls and a concrete tile gable roof and sited on a 505 m&sup2; section The building is classified as a "Category I"  historic place by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust.</p><br>
<p>The house was opened on 18 September 1937 by Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage and several cabinet ministers. The ministers carried furniture into the house, including Savage carrying a rather cumbersome dining table. Savage carrying the table became "the defining symbol of the first Labour government&#39;s state housing programme".</p><br>
<p>The ministers handed the keys to the first tenants, David and Mary McGregor. The house was sold to the McGregors in the early 1950s after the successor First National Government allowed state tenants to buy their houses. After David and Mary died in the early 1980s, the house was sold back to the Government in 1983 and became a state house again.</p><br>
<p>The house was the venue for the 50th anniversary of the state housing programme. For the 60th anniversary of state housing in 1997, The New Zealand Herald visited the house, which at the time was occupied by John and Winnie Nysse and their three children. The market rents imposed on state housing by the Fourth National Government meant the family were paying 73.5% of their income ($215 out of $292) in rent, compared to the 34.5% paid by the McGregors in 1937.</p><br>
<p>On 25 September 1986, the house was registered with the New Zealand Historic Places Trust as a Category I heritage item, with registration number 1360. It was registered for its historical significance (as a symbol of Labour&#39;s housing programme), for its cultural significance, and for its architectural significance.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ballance is a former coastal artillery battery on Point Gordon on Wellington&#39;s Miramar Peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1885 following fears of an impending war with Russia, Fort Ballance is one of the best preserved of a string of nineteenth century coastal defences constructed to protect New Zealand from a naval attack. In 1885, the Government, reluctantly acknowledging that they could not rely solely on Britain for protection, commissioned engineer Major Henry Cautley to design a series of fortifications to protect the country&#39;s main ports. The Fortress is listed as a Category I Historic Place. Fort Ballance was the premier fort in the Wellington area for 26 years (1885-1911). Used by the military over a period of 60 years (1885-1945), the 1880s layout of Fort Ballance is largely unaltered and a good impression of the original nineteenth century fort remains. The fort is a permanent reminder of the technology used in the coastal defence network of the 1880s and it is an early example of the use of concrete as a building material.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Fort Ballance is the largest of the military installations located on the spur between Mahanga Bay and Scorching Bay. The other positions were known variously as Fort Gordon, the Spur Battery and the Low or Foreshore Battery. The ruins of these forts and batteries were partly buried about 1960.</p><br>
<p>The fort follows the topography of the spur and earthworks were used to build up the centre of the position where the command post and communications centre were located. Earthworks also provided protection for the barracks, ablution areas, magazines and stores to the rear of the gun pits.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the fort adjoining the accommodation casemates was enclosed by musketry parapets and loopholed walls, parts of which have been demolished.</p><br>
<p>Fort Ballance had positions for five main gun pits facing the channel. The concrete gun pits, some of which were closed and others open, are circular or semi-circular and while the guns have been removed the gun emplacements remain intact.</p><br>
<p>Fort Gordon, to the south of Fort Ballance, consisted of one gun-pit and magazines. It is now almost completely buried as are the smaller positions lower down the spur. Tunnel entrances have been filled in.</p><br>
<p>Additional firing support was located at Kau Point and Point Halswell, and the positions were protected from land attack by a further defence position on Mount Crawford.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Fort Ballance is an emplacements that can truly be called a fort, that is it was a self-contained unit built to withstand an enemy attack from the land. Fort Ballance was built of timber, mortar and corrugated-iron sheets by former members of the armed constabulary and prison labour from Mount Crawford Goal. During the 1890s the wooden construction was rebuilt with concrete.</p><br>
<h2>Armaments</h2><br>
<h3>Fort Ballance</h3><br>
<p>The main armament at Fort Ballance evolved over the years to include:</p><br>
<p>1885-1910:</p><br>
<p>Two Two Seven-inch R.M.L. guns</p><br>
<p>1886-1924</p><br>
<p>One One six-inch disappearing gun</p><br>
<p>1903-1924</p><br>
<p>One One six-inch disappearing gun, replaced one of the 7inch RML</p><br>
<p>1892-WW1</p><br>
<p>Two Q.F. Nordenfeldt six-pounder guns were mounted at the flank angles.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Gordon</h3><br>
<p>The main armament at Fort Gordon consisted of:</p><br>
<p>1895-1924</p><br>
<p>One One eight-inch disappearing gun</p><br>
<p>One QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun (Spur Battery)</p><br>
<h3>Foreshore Batteries</h3><br>
<p>The main armament of the Low Battery consisted of:</p><br>
<p>1891-1897</p><br>
<p>Two 64-Pounder RML</p><br>
<p>1897-1907</p><br>
<p>Two QF 6-pounder Hotchkiss, removed after WW1.</p><br>
<h3>Gordon Point Battery</h3><br>
<p>1901-1923</p><br>
<p>Two QF 12 pounders</p><br>
<p>1941-1959</p><br>
<p>Two BL 4 inch naval gun Mk VII guns</p><br>
<p>1942</p><br>
<p>Two Ordnance QF 18-pounder guns</p><br>
<p>1943-1944</p><br>
<p>Two 75 mm Gun M1917 guns</p><br>
<p>1944-1945</p><br>
<p>One twin QF 6 pounder 10 cwt gun</p><br>
<h2>Seesaw Searchlight</h2><br>
<p>Below and to the east of the Fort was a "seesaw&#39; searchlight, set up in 1891 and powered by the stream engine in Fort Ballance. The searchlight consisted of an electric carbon lamp, capable of a strong beam for target illumination, because the bulb was vulnerable to enemy fire, it was protected in a recessed emplacement whilst a large mirror, attached to the end of the ‘see-saw’ girder reflected the light beam across the water.</p><br>
<p>The Searchlight was able to illuminate targets from the harbour Heads to Ward Island with a power of 50000 candlepower.</p><br>
<p>Only a few of these were built anywhere in the Empire. It was difficult to operate and was never successful and the position was abandoned in 1899, but the emplacement remains today.</p><br>
<h2>Fatal accidents</h2><br>
<p>7 August 1899 whilst attempting to demolish the Seesaw emplacement three members of the permanent militia were killed and one injured in a Gun Cotton explosion.</p><br>
<p>2 November 1904 whilst conducting live firing on a 12 pounder, there was a breech explosion in which one Gunner was killed and five Injured.</p><br>
<p>Cox River is a river of the Canterbury Region of New Zealand. It arises in the Crawford Range of the Southern Alps and flows generally southward through the Arthur&#39;s Pass National Park to join the Poulter River. The river was named for J. W. M. Cox, a landholder in the 1860s at the junction of Cox River and Bull Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Geomorphology</h2><br>
<p>Prior to glaciation the Cox River flowed through the Pūkio Stream valley, discharging into the Esk River, a lower tributary of the Waimakariri River. This route was later blocked by a series of terminal moraines deposited by the Cox glacier during the Pleistocene period. The river then created a new outlet through to the main Poulter valley via a rocky gorge, known as McArthur Gorge, which now contains the East Branch of the Poulter.</p><br>
<p>Charterhouse Cave, on the Mendip Hills in Somerset, is the deepest cave in southern England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charterhouse Cave was first excavated in 1972. By 1977 the Sidcot School Speleological Society had reached Bat Chamber, although the first main breakthrough into the system was made in 1982.</p><br>
<p>Active exploration continues and breakthroughs were made in April 2008 when 300 m of passage big enough to walk through was discovered, and again when the Portal Pool Sump was passed in May 2009 revealing another 500 m of passage. Continued exploration in 2010 and 2011 brought the cave to its current length and depth</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The cave is situated on land owned by Somerset Wildlife Trust. Because of the various well-preserved formations in the cave, the entrance blockhouse is kept locked and access is restricted to those with permits issued by member clubs of the Charterhouse Caving Company. For the same reason, no novices or cavers aged under 16 are allowed to enter.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cave has three large chambers, Midsummer Chamber, The Citadel, and Times Square; The Citadel is almost as large as the chambers in GB Cave and Lamb Leer. There are a number of long, fairly straight passages which are approximately 2 m across and the same high.</p><br>
<p>Various parts of the cave contain delicate formations, including Forbidden Passage, Midsummer Chamber, The Citadel, The Grotto of the Singing Stal, and the First and Second Inlets.</p><br>
<p>When Portal Pool Sump was passed in May 2009, about 500 m of new passage was discovered, as well as a number of side-passages. Surveys conducted after the breakthrough in May 2009 show approximately 1,000 m of passage, with an estimated 500 m unsurveyed plus a number of leads yet to be explored. The surveys have also confirmed the depth at over 200 m.</p><br>
<p>The stream in nearby GB Cave flows into Charterhouse Cave and ultimately rises near Gough&#39;s Cave in Cheddar Gorge, approximately 2 km away.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>There is a hole in the concrete blockhouse over the entrance to the cave to allow the entrance of bats.</p><br>
<p>The insect life found within the cave is fairly typical of caves on the Mendip Hills, including a number of troglophiles and troglobites such as the freshwater shrimp (niphargus fontanus) and the springtail (onychiurus schoetti).</p><br>
<p>Halls Opera Block, also known as Clarks Opera House and Avon Opera Block, is a historic commercial building located at Avon in Livingston County, New York. It is a three story, two part commercial block completed in 1876 in the Italianate style. It has a symmetrical seven bay principal facade with iron and glass storefronts on the first floor. The top floor performance space was a central gathering place for the community, where citizens of all ranks could congregate to attend theatrical performances, lectures, dances, political meetings, and school graduations. In November 2007, the village of Avon received a $500,000 state grant to renovate the historic building.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Corotoman was a 17th and 18th century plantation on the Rappahannock River in Lancaster County, Virginia, United States. Corotoman was the residence of Robert Carter I , a colonial Governor of Virginia and one of the wealthiest men in the British colonies in North America. Corotoman was located on a point overlooking the Rappahannock River, and flanked by Carter&#39;s Creek and Corrotoman River to its east and west respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Earliest inhabitants</h3><br>
<p>Corotoman was first inhabited by the Cuttatwomen Native American tribe several hundred years before the arrival of English colonists to Lancaster County, Virginia.</p><br>
<h3>John Carter I</h3><br>
<p>John Carter I, the patriarch of the Carter family of Virginia, purchased and settled Corotoman between 1652 and 1653.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Carter I</h3><br>
<p>Corotoman was then inherited by Carters son Robert Carter I (whose wealth and autocratic business methods led to his becoming known by the nickname "King") in 1690. Under Robert Carter Is ownership, Corotoman became the center of what developed into a 300,000 acre estate of 48 plantations and farms including places such as Indian Town and Hills Quarters.</p><br>
<h4>Construction</h4><br>
<p>Robert Carter began construction of the large Georgian mansion at Corotoman around 1720. The mansion was completed in 1725, and introduced a new era for early 18th-century architecture in Virginia. Corotoman also set the pattern for 18th-century architectural patronage. The mansion at Corotoman rivaled the other important Colonial mansions of Virginia, and affirmed Robert Carter Is status as the most powerful planter in the aristocracy of the Tidewater region. Carters correspondences and diary revealed that the construction of the mansion at Corotoman was a lengthy, complex, and frustrating endeavor. Construction materials for the mansion included paving stones from England, lumber from his plantation saw mills and from neighboring plantations, and oyster shells for mortar. For some of the mansions windows, Carter used iron casement frames for quarrel glass. To undertake the mansions construction, Carter imported skilled indentured servants from England and hired local craftsmen.</p><br>
<h4>Gardens</h4><br>
<p>Carter employed an English gardener, whom he instructed "to bring the yards around the mansion into closer accord with the architectural rhythms of the mansion. Little is currently known of the garden&#39;s contents and design.</p><br>
<h4>Brick House Store</h4><br>
<p>At Corotoman, Carter maintained a building known as the "Brick House Store" where he kept imported goods that he sold and bartered to local planter. In 1730, an inventory of items at the Brick House Store included essential supplies such as cloths, tools, and gunpowder and luxury items such as spices, ivory combs, and brass candlesticks.</p><br>
<h4>Spinster's House</h4><br>
<p>Another supporting structure at Corotoman was known as the "Spinsters House." The house was constructed in either the late 17th century or the early 18th century. The "Spinsters House" was a one-story and a half frame house adorned with a gabled roof with large end chimneys. It lay in ruins for years before finally disappearing around 1930. Before its disappearance, the "Spinster&#39;s House" was the last remaining supporting structure of the original Corotoman plantation.</p><br>
<h4>Destruction</h4><br>
<p>In 1729, four years after "King" Carters mansion was completed, a fire destroyed it. Carter died three years later and the mansion was not rebuilt. An inventory taken in 1732 after Carters death implies that after the fire, Carter resided in either the "Old House" or the "Spinster&#39;s House" at Corotoman rather than rebuild it because of fiscal difficulties or ill health. In the mid-19th century, Corotoman and its adjacent lands passed out of the Carter family when they were sold by a granddaughter of Charles Carter.</p><br>
<h3>Successive ownership</h3><br>
<p>A mansion was rebuilt at Corotoman by successive owners, but was destroyed by fire around 1900.</p><br>
<p>In Spring 2000, the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities acquired the site of Corotoman.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Robert Carter Is 1725 Georgian mansion was a two-story brick dwelling with a two-story porch, which Carter referred to as a piazza. The mansion measured 90 by 40 ft. Its central entrance hall was paved in black and white marble brought to Virginia from England. The entrance hall was flanked by Carters bedchamber and a lavishly decorated parlor, both with large closets. Along the mansion&#39;s façade against the Rappahannock River ran a gallery. Below the gallery was an arcade and three pavilions.</p><br>
<p>While the mansion was destroyed by fire four years after its completion, the "Spinster&#39;s House" on the Corotoman estate survived until around 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>In 1978, archaeologists led by Dr. Carter Hudgins and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources excavated the foundations of Robert Carter Is Georgian mansion at Corotoman. The archaeology undertaken also confirmed a single-pile house of 40 by 90 ft including a loggia that measured 10 by 90 ft. The mansions foundations were found to be 30 in thick. Considerable rubble was unearthed at Corotoman, including white marble pavers, fragments of dressed stone and rubbed brick, Delft tile, Chinese porcelain, tankards, and over 1,000 wine bottles. Artifacts unearthed at Corotoman are currently displayed at the Christ Church museum.</p><br>
<p>The Tanafjord or Tanafjorden  is a large fjord in Finnmark county, Norway. It is located in the municipalities of Tana, Gamvik, and Berlevåg. Its orientation is mainly north-south, reaching approximately 65 km from the small village of Smalfjord in Tana Municipality in the south to the mouth of the fjord at the Barents Sea. The fjord separates the Nordkinn Peninsula  in the west from the Varanger Peninsula  in the east.</p><br>
<p>The Tana River empties into the southern part of the fjord. There are several side fjords which branch off of the main Tanafjorden including the Hopsfjorden, Langfjorden, and Gulgofjorden. There are some settlements along the fjord, but they are all small and rather isolated. Settlements include the villages of Vestertana, Austertana, Trollfjorden, Skjånes, Nervei, and Store Molvik. Norwegian County Road 98 and Norwegian County Road 890 run along the southern parts of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>Sørfjorden is a 38 km long fjord that is one of the innermost branches of the main Hardangerfjorden in Hordaland county, Norway. It is the longest arm that branches off of the Hardangerfjord. Sørfjorden stretches from just north of the village of Kinsarvik straight south to the industrial town of Odda. The Folgefonna glacier and Folgefonna National Park are located just to the west of the fjord and the Hardangervidda mountain plateau lies to its east.</p><br>
<p>Some of the notable villages that line the sides of the fjord include (north to south): Kinsarvik, Lofthus, Vikebygd, Tyssedal, Eitrheim, and Odda. Norwegian National Road 13 follows the eastern shoreline of the fjord. All the villages along the fjord are filled with fruit farms and orchards, growing fruits like apples and cherries.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Trzy Korony  is the summit of the Three Crowns Massif, an independent portion of a range called Pieniny Mountains in the south of Poland. Trzy Korony forms the central part of a compact group of connected mountains known as Pieniny Środkowe, consisting mainly of the limestone and dolomite rock strata. Trzy Korony is located within the Pieniny National Park in Lesser Poland Voivodeship.</p><br>
<p>The summit is separated from the surrounding peaks (known as Łysiny Group) by the Wyżni Łazek Pass, descending into deep valleys with streams surrounded by forested slopes. The Three Crowns consists of five sharp peaks, made of resistant limestone. The highest of the peaks is called Okrąglica. It stands 982 meters above sea level. At the top of Okrąglica there is an observation platform complete with metal barriers built for the tourists. – The platform, overlooking Dunajec River Gorge, can accommodate up to 15 people at a time.</p><br>
<p>The second tallest peak (southeast of Okrąglica), is called Płaska Skała, rising 950 m above sea level. The next peak known as Nad Ogródki located southwest of Okrąglica, is the third tallest, rising 940 m above sea level. At its top, there used to be a weather station built in 1933 and operated manually by a hermit.</p><br>
<p>The fourth peak, called Pańska or Bryłowa Skała rising 920 m above sea level, is a nesting zone for a rare bird the wallcreeper with extraordinary crimson wings. The smallest peak of the Trzy Korony summit is called Niżnia Okrąglica aka. Ganek, Siodło. It stands 80 m lower than the tallest peak; to the south. Niżnia Okrąglica used to contain the original observation deck before the metal platform with barriers was built atop the tallest one, thus enlarging the Pieniny panorama.</p><br>
<p>The Trzy Korony summit is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Pieniny Mountains. The observation deck hangs over a 500 m precipice, with a near perfect view of the Dunajec river gorge and the vast area of the Pieniny National Park, the Tatra Mountains, Beskid Sądecki, Gorce Mountains and Beskid Żywiecki. In good weather one can see as far as Babia Góra, 63 km away.</p><br>
<p>The Three Crowns was originally called simply Pieniny. In 1834 (during the reign of Austria-Hungary) a German name Kronenberg appeared in documents (translated into Polish as the Crown). The current name took hold at around 1860. The Three Crowns massif contains at least 7 species of rare plants which cannot be found anywhere else in Pieniny, including the endemic species of Pieniny dandelion (unfortunately, already extinct), and Złocień Zawadzkiego. Besides them, there are numerous and rare lime-loving species of rock plants including Rozchodnik wielki – a host for a caterpillar of rare Pieniny Apollo butterfly.</p><br>
<p>The Three Crowns has been a tourist attraction for a very long time. First recorded trek to the top took place in 1767. First regular tourists walked up around 1830. In 1906, the first official route to the summit from Krościenko was labeled with blue signs. In 1929 after the liberation of Poland, the Three Crowns has been bought by the Polish government from its private owners and turned into the Pieniny National Park established in 1932. And finally, in 2001-2002 the park&#39;s authorities built the new metal platforms with barriers to accommodate mass tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist trails</h2><br>
<p>All trails that lead to the Three Crowns summit from the main roads below, are color marked, and join together under the peak called Siodło. From there the viewing platform at the tallest peak, can be reached in 15 minutes. During the tourist season the access to the platform must be paid for, allowing for the authorized entry to the peak of Sokolica as well. In good weather there are large queues forming at the entrance sometimes. In the village of Sromowce Niżne at the southern foot of the Three Crowns, there&#39;s a popular hostel operated by PTTK called the Three Crowns.</p><br>
<p>The summit of the Three Crowns can be reached by several color marked trails ascending from different local towns such as Szczawnica, Krościenko nad Dunajcem, Czorsztyn and Sromowce Wyżne.</p><br>
<p>The blue trail from Szczawnica leads through the hills of Sokolica, Czertezik, Czerteż, Bajków Groń (Sokola Perć) and Zamkowa Góra</p><br>
<p>The yellow trail from Szczawnica leads through Polana Wyrobek and Przełęcz Szopka before joining in with the blue trail (above)</p><br>
<p>The yellow and blue trails from Krościenko nad Dunajcem lead through Przełęcz Szopka, then along the blue trail up to Siodło. The approximate time to the top is 2 hours; 1:45 min back</p><br>
<p>The yellow and blue trails from Krościenko via Zamkowa Góra (the Castle Mountain) as per above</p><br>
<p>The yellow and blue trails from Sromowce Niżne lead through Wąwóz Szopczański, along Przełęcz Szopka, and then join in with the blue trail leading to the Siodło.</p><br>
<p>The yellow, green and blue trails from Sromowce Niżne lead through Wąwóz Szopczański, then along the green trail to the Wyżni Łazek onto the clearing Kosarzyska and from there along the blue trail toward Siodło. The approximate time to the top is 2 hours; 1:45 min back</p><br>
<p>The blue trail from Czorsztyn leads through the mountain passes of Przełęcz Osice, Macelak, Przełęcz Trzy Kopce, and Przełęcz Szopka toward Siodło</p><br>
<p>The red and blue trails from Sromowce Wyżne – the rafting station on the Dunajec in Kąty village – lead to Przełęcz Trzy Kopce (c. 45 min), where they join in with the blue trail leading up from Czorsztyn</p><br>
<p>The Wayside House  is a historic house located in Cedarburg, Wisconsin. It was built by Fredrick Hilgen, who later co-owned The Cedarburg Mill, and is considered the father of Cedarburg. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 17, 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Frederick Hilgen immigrated from German in 1832, working as a clerk and serving in a state militia. In 1844, he bought some undeveloped land northwest of Milwaukee, including the site of this house. He had that land platted and it became the village of Cedarburg. He and William Schroeder built a grist mill on Cedar Creek in 1845.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, he built the first section of what would become the Wayside House on a wooded knoll. It was probably originally one story, with walls of coursed fieldstone, but its difficult to tell because Hilgen kept expanding the house over the years. The current house is two stories, with a cross-gable roof and some walls clad in cream bricks. The front entrance is sheltered by an open wooden porch. By 1900, it had reached its current configuration. The houses second owner was John Schuette, and it&#39;s sometimes called the Hilgen-Schuette House.</p><br>
<p>Hilgen went on to found the Cedarburg Mill in 1855 and the Wittenberg Woolen Mill in 1864.</p><br>
<p>Barber–Mulligan Farm is a historic farm located at Avon in Livingston County, New York. The nearly 640 acre farm includes a number of original buildings as well as many improvements. The most important cluster is the central farm complex which includes the main house, a carriage house, horse barn, and corn crib, all built in 1852 by Aaron Barber. The house is an example of late Greek Revival architecture. Not far from the main house is a cobblestone tenant house built c. 1828.</p><br>
<p>In July 2009, a lightning strike ignited a fire which destroyed the large connected complex of barns, the earliest of which were built in the 1870s. The house and earliest structures were preserved, as were all the modern dairy facilities. The farm boasts a cutting-edge Holstein milking operation of nearly 2000 cows as well as acreage in corn, wheat, and alfalfa.</p><br>
<p>Aaron Barber Jr. purchased the land in 1840 and built his homestead by 1852, and his son Aaron III continued the agrarian lifestyle, well known for his prize-winning herd of short-horn cattle. He sold the land to the Mulligan family in 1920, and the third and fourth generations are now running the operation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Bu Tinah  is a tiny archipelago amid extensive coral formations and seagrass beds some 25 km south of Zirku and 35 north of Marawah in the United Arab Emirates.</p><br>
<p>Found in the waters of Abu Dhabi, it is protected as a private nature reserve. Bu Tinah Island, rich in biodiversity, lies within the Marawah Marine Biosphere Reserve with a territory of more than 4,000 km. The biosphere reserve is the region&#39;s first and largest UNESCO-designated marine biosphere reserve. It has been a recognized UNESCO site since 2001. Closed to visitors, fishing and the collection of turtle eggs are prohibited on Bu Tinah Island; the ban being enforced by patrols.</p><br>
<p>Bu Tinah is actually a cluster of islands and shoals, joined or almost so at low water, with nowhere greater than two or three metres above sea level. The main island has a sheltered lagoon opening to the south with the low energy environment permitting stands of mature mangrove to flourish. Even birds like the Socotra cormorant are found here. There are also healthy coral reef habitats with as many as 16 species of coral recorded in the area. The reefs survive in conditions that would kill coral species in other parts of the world.</p><br>
<p>The waters of the Persian Gulf are among the most saline in the world, as well as among the warmest. Corals live in water that is between 23°C and 28°C but in the UAE water temperatures go as high as 35°C in summer.</p><br>
<p>Bu Tinah’s thriving habitat is a unique living laboratory, with key significance for climate change research. This distinctive natural habitat with its shallow waters, seagrass beds and tall mangroves, set amid extensive coral reefs, hosts rare and globally endangered marine life. Seabirds such as the flamingo and the osprey, diverse species of dolphins, and the rare hawksbill turtle are found in Bu Tinah. The island’s waters are also home to the planet’s second-largest population of dugong, a large marine mammal that is globally threatened. Some 600 out of the estimated 3,000 dugongs in the country live in the waters around Bu Tinah and the creatures are listed as a species vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN. This precious natural resource is part of the largest protected area in Abu Dhabi. Its significant coral community and the health of its habitats and species despite its high temperature and salinity levels make the island of keen scientific interest.</p><br>
<p>Bu Tinah Island is one of the 28 official finalists for the “New7Wonders of Nature”.</p><br>
<p>Goffle Hill, also referred to as Goffle Mountain and historically known as Totoway Mountain and Wagaraw Mountain, is a range of the trap rock Watchung Mountains on the western edge of the Newark Basin in northern New Jersey. The hill straddles part of the border of Bergen County and Passaic County, underlying a mostly suburban setting. While hosting patches of woodlands, perched wetlands, and traprock glades, the hill is largely unprotected from development. Extensive quarrying for trap rock has obliterated large tracts of the hill in North Haledon, and Prospect Park. Conservation efforts seeking to preserve undeveloped land, such as the local Save the Woods initiative , are ongoing.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Goffle Hill generally refers to the ridge of First Watchung Mountain north of the Passaic River and south of Campgaw Mountain. West of the ridge is a narrow valley dividing the tall peaks of the Preakness Range (part of Second and Third Watchung Mountain) from Goffle Hill. The east side of the ridge faces out over a wide, shallow valley extending to the Palisades. Historically, the ridge comprising Goffle Hill was known as Totoway Mountain, with the name Goffle Hill applied to the more prominent southern part of the ridge. Today, the name Goffle Hill is commonly used to describe the entire ridge despite the fact that the northern and southern sections of the ridge are quite different in terms of topography and surficial geology.</p><br>
<h3>Southern Ridge</h3><br>
<p>The southern ridge traverses the boroughs of Prospect Park, Haledon, North Haledon, Hawthorne and the township of Wyckoff, running generally north to south. Starting at the Great Falls of the Passaic River, the southern ridge rises gently to the north, culminating at an elevation of 602 ft40&deg;58&prime;33.81&Prime;N latitude, 74&deg;10&prime;07.93&Prime;W longitude just inside of Hawthorne, near the border with North Haledon and Wyckoff. The summit marks the highest peak of Goffle Hill, though comparable peaks exist in the northern part of the ridge. The southern ridge is distinguished from the northern part of Goffle Hill by the presence of trap rock glades and vertical basalt cliffs which rise abruptly on portions of its eastern flank.</p><br>
<h3>Northern Ridge</h3><br>
<p>The northern part of Goffle Hill, underlying the area of Sicomac and the boroughs of Franklin Lakes and a section of Oakland, exists primarily as a low, broken ridgeline lacking in large precipices and running northwest to southeast. Modern maps show only one named peak on the northern ridge, a small trap rock prominence known as Knob Hill41&deg;00&prime;30.29&Prime;N latitude, 74&deg;12&prime;39.92&Prime;W longitude which attains an elevation of 518 ft. This peak, which is located just north of Summit Ave in Franklin Lakes, marks the only significant trap rock found at the surface of the northern ridge. In addition to Knob Hill, five other unnamed peaks reach an elevation over five hundred feet, with the highest summit on the northern ridge reaching an elevation of 584 ft41&deg;00&prime;19.96&Prime;N latitude, 74&deg;12&prime;22.45&Prime;W longitude in Franklin Lakes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Goffle Hill was first inhabited by the Lenape, whose language the ridge’s historical name, Totoway Mountain, is derived from. Totoway, or the more contemporary Totowa, means ‘the falls between river and mountain’. The term was used to describe the Great Falls of the Passaic River, which spill over a notch in the ridge of First Watchung Mountain. Europeans later applied the name to the section of ridge north of the falls.</p><br>
<p>The ridge’s modern name, Goffle Hill, is derived from the Dutch. Goffle is a corruption of the word gaffel, which means ‘fork’, referring to the fact that Goffle Hill stood at a fork in a prominent Lenape trail. For a time, Goffle Hill was also known as Wagaraw Mountain. Wagaraw was a Lenape term, meaning ‘low country at the bend of the river’ –the north bend of the Passaic River.</p><br>
<p>It is fitting that the ridge’s Lenape names are derived from terms involving the Passaic River. Lenape camps have been discovered mostly along the banks of the river’s tributaries at the foot of the hill. Originally, these streams served as a vital freshwater and fishing source. Later, with the arrival of Europeans, the hill’s streams powered mills, aiding in the settlement and farming of the northern Passaic River valley. Trap rock and sandstone (freestone) quarrying on the hill served the building boom that occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolutionary War, the hill, as with the rest of the Watchungs, served as a lookout. In 1780, General Lafayette’s light infantry were stationed on the eastern flank of the hill. Lafayette’s headquarters were situated at the foot of the hill in what is now Goffle Brook Park in Hawthorne.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Goffle Hill formed as molten rock extruded onto the surface 185 million years ago. At that time the range occupied the northern section of an active rift valley running through northern and central New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania. After the rift failed in the early Jurassic, the range was elevated as erosion removed the sandstone and shale surrounding the basalt lava flows of Goffle Hill.</p><br>
<p>The northern part of Goffle Hill, except in a few locations, is buried under a mantle of glacially derived sediments and sandstone, greatly reducing its topographic prominence. The southern part of the ridge displays a significant amount of trap rock, though some underlying red sandstone reaches up to the ridgeline halfway along the border of North Haledon and Hawthorne where quarrying has stripped away overlying trap rock. The majority of exposed trap rock occurs along high mural precipices facing to the east.</p><br>
<p>Exposures of hornfels on Goffle Hill are limited, but they occur readily in at least one location. Along the Hawthorne-North Haledon border a contact can be seen between adjacent sandstone and basalt. This contact reveals the presence of indurated red sandstone that has been baked into a grey hornfels by the heat of the First Watchung lava flow.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The native forests of Goffle Hill have been devastated by suburbanization and disease. An 1894 New Jersey forestry report indicated that, in addition to oak, redcedar and chestnut were the most abundant trees on Goffle Hill. Today, chestnuts have been eliminated by the accidental importation of chestnut blight in the early twentieth century. Redcedar, which was cited as the most prevalent tree on the ridge in 1894, a pioneering tree of secondary forest, can be found only in a few isolated clusters along the southern ridgeline.</p><br>
<p>A few trap rock glades continue to exist on Goffle Hill, though development is slowly reducing their numbers. The majority of the remaining trap rock glades straddle the ridgeline of Goffle Hill along the border of North Haledon and Hawthorne. Residential development has been hindered somewhat at the ridgeline due to the presence of high, vertical basalt cliffs. However, quarrying has removed a considerable section of trap rock glade in this area.</p><br>
<p>Perched wetlands are scattered along the ridge. One of the larger wetlands contains Goffle Pond, which feeds a headstream of Goffle Brook. Other significant wetlands help feed Molly Ann Brook and Deep Voll Brook.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>Development along Goffle Hill has accelerated in recent years, with new homes and backyards being built atop former trap rock glades and forests. As the ridgeline of the mountain has become increasingly suburbanized, fears have been raised about runoff and the continued destruction of what could be preserved in the public interest. Locals in Hawthorne in Wyckoff have formed an initiative known as Save the Woods, which is seeking to preserve 19 acre of woodlands soon to be developed.</p><br>
<p>As of 2009, Goffle Hill contains no preserved land. Only one park, Hofstra Park, a municipal recreation facility maintained by Prospect Park, exists wholly on Goffle Hill. Goffle Brook Park, maintained by Passaic County, sits on the foot of the hill, partly overlapping the lowest part of the eastern flank.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>From north to south,</p><br>
<p>High Mountain Golf Club</p><br>
<p>Goffle Brook Park</p><br>
<p>Hofstra Park</p><br>
<p>Grandview Cemetery is a cemetery in Chillicothe, Ohio.</p><br>
<p>Grandview Cemetery (originally spelled Grand View as two words) was established around 1841.</p><br>
<p>The ground the cemetery stands on looks down upon the valleys of the Scioto River and Paint Creek, with a panoramic view of the city of Chillicothe.</p><br>
<p>The land for Grandview was purchased outside of the city limits of Chillicothe in order to provide a more restful setting for the new cemetery (one of the burial grounds it replaced later became the site of a railroad depot).</p><br>
<p>Grandview Cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>William Allen (governor)</p><br>
<p>Henry Holcomb Bennett</p><br>
<p>Harold Kile Claypool</p><br>
<p>Horatio Clifford Claypool</p><br>
<p>William Creighton, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Edwin H. Davis</p><br>
<p>Lewis Deschler</p><br>
<p>Albert Douglas</p><br>
<p>Richard Enderlin</p><br>
<p>Joseph Scott Fullerton</p><br>
<p>Dard Hunter</p><br>
<p>William A. Ireland</p><br>
<p>Richard Long, Jr.</p><br>
<p>Nathaniel Massie</p><br>
<p>Duncan McArthur</p><br>
<p>Philip Mechem</p><br>
<p>Joseph Miller</p><br>
<p>Lawrence Talbot Neal</p><br>
<p>Noel Sickles</p><br>
<p>Joshua Woodrow Sill</p><br>
<p>George Hunter Smith</p><br>
<p>Burton E. Stevenson</p><br>
<p>James Strode Swearingen</p><br>
<p>Edward Tiffin</p><br>
<p>Carey Trimble</p><br>
<p>George H. Tyler</p><br>
<p>John Inskeep Vanmeter</p><br>
<p>Thomas Woodrow</p><br>
<p>Thomas Worthington (governor)</p><br>
<p>One British Commonwealth war grave, of Captain Charles H. Becker of the East Surrey Regiment of World War I.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad Depot is a former Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad depot in Montevideo, Minnesota, United States. It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The depot is now the Milwaukee Road Heritage Center, a railroad museum that focuses on interpreting the history of the Milwaukee Road as it influenced Montevideo in the late 19th century through the 1980s. The Milwaukee Road Heritage Center also displays donated railroad equipment, such as a 200-ton crane, passenger and baggage cars, freight cars, a Plymouth Locomotive Works 44-ton switching locomotive, and a 600 hp diesel switcher built by Electro-Motive Division in 1939. The group has also restored a turntable that provides access to a 26-stall roundhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad Depot in Thief River Falls, Minnesota is a railroad station listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The station was built in 1913 to replace an earlier station and saw passenger traffic until 1967. It now serves as the Thief River Falls city hall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad was not the first railroad to serve Thief River Falls. The St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway originally built a line to St. Hilaire, Minnesota, seven miles south of Thief River Falls, in 1883. Since it was inconvenient to haul freight to St. Hilaire for shipping, Thief River Falls officials decided to give the Great Northern Railway (the successor to the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba) a $750 incentive to extend the tracks north to Thief River Falls. This extension was completed in October 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1888, the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad was formed when Canadian Pacific helped to finance a merger between three smaller railroads. The new railroad, commonly known as the Soo Line, began construction of a line from Minneapolis to Winnipeg. This route went through territory traditionally served by the Great Northern, which upset James J. Hill, GNs owner. The Soo Line reached Thief River Falls in 1904 and made it a division point, with buildings including a roundhouse, mechanic shop, derrick house, several warehouses, and a passenger depot. Other commercial development in the city followed the railroads expansion, and Soo Line traffic steadily increased. By 1913, the Soo Line&#39;s traffic dwarfed the traffic shipped by the Great Northern, and the company decided to build a large, impressive depot as a sort of triumph over the GN.</p><br>
<p>The architects, William Kenyon and Maurice Maine, designed the building in the American Craftsman style. The structure measures 140 ft by 50 ft and is built of brick in a Flemish bond pattern. It has a cross-gambrel roof with shallow parapets and limestone copings. A limestone panel reading "Thief River Falls" stands above the entrance.</p><br>
<p>At its peak, 13 passenger trains arrived and departed each day. The building was in use as a passenger station until 1967, when the Soo Line discontinued passenger service. Local residents formed an organization to preserve the old depot, and in 1994-1995 the City of Thief River Falls renovated and remodeled the building to serve as the city hall. The remodeling preserved important interior features such as the terrazzo floors and the wooden trim and doors in the passenger waiting area. Soo Line 1024, a 2-8-2 Mikado steam locomotive and the only preserved steam locomotive from the Monon Railroad, is on display outside the depot.</p><br>
<p>The Foster Building, originally the Hotel Foster, is located on State Street  in Schenectady, New York, United States. It is a commercial building in the Beaux-Arts architectural style.</p><br>
<p>When built in 1907, it was the first building in the city to use terra cotta as its primary siding on the front facade, and the first built under the precepts of the City Beautiful movement. In 1991 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It has since been remodeled into apartments, but has been vacant for a while and is suffering from the neglect. Past water damage will require that the lavishly appointed interior be completely gutted. The regional redevelopment agency is considering acquiring the building through eminent domain in order to ensure its restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The Foster Building is one of a row of commercial buildings in the densely developed blocks of State Street, a short distance from Proctor&#39;s Theatre. It is a six-story steel frame building, higher than most of its neighbors, faced in white glazed terra cotta. A small tree surrounded by an island of shrubbery is located on the sidewalk in front.</p><br>
<h3>Exterior</h3><br>
<p>The terra cotta in the northern (front) facade is highly decorated. On the first two stories the storefront is framed with acanthus leaves and garlands with mock keystones and rectangular blocks. The windows are brass-framed glass with the two-story storefront as a whole framed in marble.</p><br>
<p>Above the storefronts, the upper facade in three bays is articulated by three-story high engaged pilasters with highly enriched Corinthian capitals. Fluted Ionic half-columns divide the window bays. All four support pedimented Roman arches. Oversized brackets support the metal cornice.</p><br>
<p>Decorative panels are placed between all three upper stories. In the divided central bays of the panels below the fifth story is the modeled and cast inscription "FOSTER BVILDING".</p><br>
<p>The other facades are faced in exposed yellow brick. Most of the windows have their original shutters. The flat roof is surfaced in asphalt. It has a brick parapet with metal coping; the chimney has stone copings.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>The first floor has steel columns and a metal ceiling 14 ft high. The entrance to the upper floors is tiled mosaic with the letters "FB" and a geometric border. At the entryway, black and white marble wainscoting is on the plaster walls, which rise to a coffered ceiling. The staircase itself has marble facing, with pink marble wainscoting on the sides. All these details are original.</p><br>
<p>At the second floor landing, a wooden doorway with semi-elliptical arched transom leads to the floor itself. It is finished in classically inspired carved trim, embossed wood wainscoting and pressed glass dividers. An oak staircase lit by a brass-framed skylight provides access to the upper floors, many of which have been converted to apartment space by combining several former hotel rooms. The sixth floor, originally used as storage space and staff quarters, has been similarly transformed. Original finishes here include plaster walls, wooden flooring, wide moldings with corner blocks and transom lights on the paneled doors.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The Foster Buildings height is unusual for Schenectadys downtown. Its terra cotta facade is unique in the city. Most of Schenectady&#39;s commercial buildings date to the mid- or late 19th century and are faced in brick, rarely more than three stories tall.</p><br>
<p>Throughout most of the 19th century, architectural terracotta had been confined to decorative touches like windowsills and lintels. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 stirred some interest by demonstrating that terracotta facing was fireproof. In the 1890s it started to be used as a siding since it was cheaper than stone and had far more decorative possibilities. The Foster Building&#39;s level of detail is exceptional. Elsewhere in the Capital District, only the McCarthy Building in downtown Troy shows the same craftmanship in terra cotta.</p><br>
<p>Its use was promoted by the Beaux-Arts movement in architecture, which made generous use of classically inspired ornamentation. The style and material came together in the City Beautiful movement in urban design. An outgrowth of the Columbian Exposition of 1893, which had first popularized the Beaux-Arts and Classical Revival architectural styles, City Beautiful advocated cities with decorated buildings in white or bright colors, in imitation of Ancient Rome. They expected this would encourage residents to behave in an orderly and decorous manner worthy of the surroundings. Their influence was felt most in centers of newly created industrial wealth like Schenectady, although the Foster Building was the only one built in the city according to City Beautiful principles.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>As Schenectady grew rapidly following General Electric&#39;s decision to locate its research laboratory in the city, where it already had a substantial presence, living space was at a premium. Local entrepreneur Charles Brown, who had built the Edison Hotel in 1900, saw it reach capacity quickly. He hired architect Penn Varney of Lynn, Massachusetts, to design another hotel in 1907. A local contractor, Hanrahan Brothers, built it that same year for $50,000 ($ in contemporary dollars).</p><br>
<p>The hotel remained in the Brown family through 1963. It continued to be used for both commercial and residential purposes afterwards, with a music store a longtime street-level tenant through the mid-1970s.</p><br>
<p>Later occupants were not as successful in either endeavor, and the building became vacant. A 1990s owner left the heat turned off one winter, resulting in a burst pipe that caused severe damage to the structure, estimated to cost $4–5 million to repair. The SMDA plans to redevelop the Foster and three neighboring buildings, also vacant, into a 47,000 ft&sup2; luxury hotel.</p><br>
<p>Mount Ashland is the highest peak in the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon. It was named for the city of Ashland, located 8.6 mi north of the mountain. The Siskiyou Mountains are a subrange of the Klamath Mountains in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. The mountain is part of the Rogue River–Siskiyou National Forest, which encompasses most of the Siskiyou Mountains. The Oregon–California border is 5 mi south of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Mount Ashland is composed largely of granite, with other igneous intrusive rocks like diorite and granodiorite. The peak and its surrounding flanks make up the Mount Ashland pluton.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Mount Ashland Ski Area, located on the mountain, features 23 trails on 200 acre served by four lifts.</p><br>
<p>At, the Achtermannshöhe  in the Harz National Park is the third highest mountain in Lower Saxony and the fourth highest in the Harz mountains.</p><br>
<p>It lies in the unparished area of Harz between the Harz-Heide route (B 4) and the old Inner German Border about 6 km north of Braunlage. Its summit, covered with loose boulders, stands proud of the surrounding trees and offers a superb all-round view. Equally its characteristic rounded hilltop or Kuppe is visible in good weather from many other points in the Harz.</p><br>
<p>The Achtermann may be accessed by paths leading from Oderbrück and Königskrug.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The base of the Achtermannshöhe is part of the granite massif of the Brocken, which extends across a wide area between Wurmberg, Torfhaus and Elend. By contrast, the rocky, treeless Kuppe of the Achtermann comprises hornfels, a contact metamorphic rock. The hornstone on the summit has a depth of about</p><br>
<p>10 m and was formed from Grauwacke as it was heated during the intrusion of granitic magma.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Earlier names include Uchteneshoge and Uchtenhoch.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The Achtermannshöhe is checkpoint no. 12 in the network of ‘stamp’ checkpoints on the Harz Wandernadel route.</p><br>
<p>The Weizer Building was a historic commercial building in the Buckeye-Shaker neighborhood of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Constructed in 1913 in a heavily Hungarian immigrant community, it was named a historic site in the 1980s, but it is no longer standing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Buckeye Road south of downtown was a primarily Hungarian immigrant community by the end of the nineteenth century, with ethnic ties so strong that strife could still arise with the Slovak immigrant population. Community events centered on St. Elizabeth of Hungary Catholic Church at 90th Street and Buckeye Road, the first Hungarian nationality parish anywhere in the United States.</p><br>
<p>In such an environment the Weizer Building was built in 1913. The exquisite design was completed by prominent local architect Emile Uhlrich after five years of work. Like St. Elizabeth&#39;s, it became a community center for Hungarian cultural activities. However, the ethnic neighborhood no longer exists. Thousands of Buckeye-Shaker residents fought in World War II, and most of them moved to the suburbs after returning from Europe. The trend was excaserbated in the 1960s, as crime grew in the neighborhood, and white flight took many more Hungarians to safer communities; fewer than a thousand native-born Hungarians remained resident in the entire city by the 1990 census.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Weizer Building was a brick and weatherboarded structure with a brick foundation and a tiled roof. Elements of metal and terra cotta were also prominent on the exterior. The lack of bay windows on the first floor produced a prominent overhang on the storefronts. Tile roofs covered the towers in a manner resembling bell towers, while pressed metalwork was used to form numerous small windows immediately under the roofs.</p><br>
<h2>Historic site</h2><br>
<p>In 1988, the Weizer Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying both because of its architecture and its critical place in the history of the neighborhood. Fourteen years later, the same designation was granted to another Weizer Building farther east on Buckeye Road. Despite the designation, the Weizer Building had been destroyed by 2007, and grass and trees now cover the lot.</p><br>
<p>Saras Baug is a major landmark in the city of Pune in India. The place where the park now stands was once occupied by a small lake. However, the lake dried up and was later developed into Saras Baug. The whole 25 acre complex is known as Saras Baug. The Ganesh temple in Saras Baug is also known as Talyatla Ganpati  which translates as the Ganpati in the lake</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Construction of the Temple started in 1750 under the direction of Naansaheb</p><br>
<p>Peshwe, the de facto head of the Maratha confederacy. The construction of the temple was completed in 1784 with the idol of Hindu Lord Ganesh in the temple. The temple was built in the lake near the Parvati Temple, which was also the primary residence of the Peshwa family. The inscription in the temple reads</p><br>
<p>The temple was also used for military strategy discussions by the Marathas against the Nizam and the British Empire in the 18th & 19th century as it was situated away from the Parvati Temple. Earlier the garden was not in place and there was lake and a small temple at the center. The temple used to be called as "Talyatla Ganapati" (Ganesh temple in the lake). The Peshwa, his commander, and the advisors would go in the lake by boat to discuss the issue and plans. It is also recorded that the boats were steered by non-natives like Africans for complete secrecy, as they did not understand the local Marathi language.</p><br>
<p>The temple and the area surrounding it were renovated several times in the last 2 centuries. One of the renovations was carried out in 1842 with the help of the East India Company of the British empire.</p><br>
<p>The last major renovation took place in 1969 under the direction of Mahadev Kumthekar and Anandrao Mane. As part of the last renovation a zoo called Peshwe Park was added to this 25 acre area. Then, starting in 1999 and ending in 2005, the animals at the zoo were all moved to the Rajiv Gandhi Zoological Park situated in the south of the city.</p><br>
<p>This garden and temple are one of the primary landmarks of Pune.</p><br>
<p>In 1995, a small museum, displaying over a few hundred idols of Lord Ganesha, was added to the temple premises.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The temple was constructed within 3 mi of Parvati Temple.</p><br>
<p>Saras Baug is located within a km from Swargate bus station, which is a ground transport station for Pune and 3.6 km from Pune Railway Station.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Schenectady, New York, is located at Jay and Liberty streets just north of City Hall. It serves the 12305, 12307 and 12308 ZIP codes, which covers the city. It is a brick Classical Revival building erected in 1912 and added onto extensively in 1933. At that point in time its main entrance was moved to Jay Street.</p><br>
<p>Its detailing, particularly the arched windows, inspired a similar design for the neighboring city hall in 1931. The two buildings were later listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978; in 1989 the post office was listed in its own right.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office occupies most of the block. The neighborhood is densely developed and commercial, with city and county government buildings as well. The terrain is flat.</p><br>
<p>It is a rectangular building faced limestone on the south and west and yellow brick elsewhere. A central pavilion is flanked by north and south wings, the latter of which is the main entrance. Both wings have round-arched windows divided by partially engaged Ionic columns. The former main entrance, on the Liberty Street side, has free-standing Corinthian columns. At the cornice is a balustrade.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the lobby has green marble baseboards, white marble wainscoting and a white marble stair with iron railing. The high plaster ceiling&#39;s molded cornice has dentils and modillions, with an eagle on each pilaster. Bronze mailboxes and oak woodwork round out the interior decoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first post office in Schenectady was established in 1793. It handled mail deliveries via stagecoach lines that passed through the city from Albany on their way west. Residents went to the post office to get their mail until home delivery began in 1887.</p><br>
<p>The post office had been in several locations until the current site was chosen in 1912, for a large post office for a growing industrial city. The use of the Classical Revival architectural style by Treasury Department supervising architect James Knox Taylor, while common for new post offices in cities Schenectady&#39;s size at the time, was unusual for the city. Only the county courthouse and a few small bank buildings used it.</p><br>
<p>In 1933 the Post Office decided to expand the structure, a move that expressed confidence in Schenectady&#39;s growth since postal receipts were declining at the time due to the Great Depression. John Ryder reconfigured the building with as little disruption to the original style as possible. The interior was renovated in the 1960s, the only significant change to the building since its construction.</p><br>
<p>The Great Stone of Fourstones, or the "Big Stone" as it is known locally, is a glacial deposit on the moorlands of Tatham Fells, situated in North Yorkshire, England, near Bentham in the District of Craven, and 10 m from the county border with Lancashire.</p><br>
<p>The name suggests that there were once four stones, but now there is only one. The other three were possibly broken up for scythe sharpening stones, or building stone, centuries ago. Large stones such as this were useful as boundary markers in the open countryside, and this one was used as a boundary marker for the Lancashire–Yorkshire boundary between Tatham and Bentham parishes.</p><br>
<p>A local myth tells of how the stone was dropped by the devil, on his way to build Devil&#39;s Bridge at nearby Kirkby Lonsdale.</p><br>
<p>The stone has 15 steps carved into the side of it to allow access to the top. It is not known when they were carved, but they are well worn from years of use.</p><br>
<p>The Quincy Street Historic District is a historic district located along the 100, 200, and 300 blocks of Quincy Street, along with 416 Tezcuco Street, in Hancock, Michigan. The Hancock Town Hall and Fire Hall is located in the district. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Quincy Street Historic District covers the central portion of Hancock&#39;s business district consisting of the first three blocks of Quincy Street, plus two adjacent properties. The district includes three governmental structures (the Hancock Town Hall and Fire Hall, post office, and a county office building) along with forty-two commercial buildings. The majority of the structures within the district were built between 1880 and 1915. The commercial buildings range from two to five stories, and are of frame, brick, or brick and stone construction. The district is notable for the widespread use of local red Jacobsville sandstone.</p><br>
<h2>History and significance</h2><br>
<p>In 1869, a major fire destroyed 75 percent of the buildings in Hancock, which were primarily made of wood. This made room for the construction of more substantial structures during the latter years of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district contains a large number of well-preserved structures built around the turn of the century. These structures indicate the relative prosperity of Hancock at the time, when copper mining in the Keweenaw Peninsula was a strong industry. Many of the structures were designed by leading architects of the Upper Peninsula, including Charlton, Gilbert and Demar, and are significant for their scale and quality, and the reflection of the ethnic diversity of late 19th century Hancock.</p><br>
<p>Significant buildings in the district include:</p><br>
<p>First National Bank Building (1888) 101-103 Quincy Street. The First National Bank Building was originally designed by Byron H. Pierce as a two-story building, its corner entrance specifically intended to exemplify the buildings location at the "entrance" to Hancocks main street. In 1903, the building was enlarged by Charles Archibald Pearce with a third floor and a 40-foot addition on the north side.</p><br>
<p>The Wright Block (1899) 100-102 Quincy Street. The Wright Block was designed by Charlton, Gilbert, and Demar. The eastern portion of this building still retains much of its original appearance, with a sandstone facade. The western portion was covered in 1952 with Vitrolite, a pigmented structural glass.</p><br>
<p>Detroit & Northern Michigan Savings & Loan Association (1939) 200 Quincy Street. This building was constructed in 1939 in the then-popular Art Deco style. The building uses contrasting Bedford limestone and black granite, and sports the streamlined surfaces, vertical elements, and stylized geometry popular in the Art Deco style.</p><br>
<p>Post Office (1934) 221 Quincy Street. This building, constructed during the Great Depression, was a Public Works Authority project, overseen by architect Louis A. Simon. The original design called for a more ornate facade and galbed slate roof, but as the building neared completion the current flat roof and simplified facade was used.</p><br>
<p>First National Bank (1905) 240 Quincy Street. This building was originally constructed in 1905, but in 1913 the facade was renovated, converting it to a Neo-Classical style with limestone columns, entry pediment, and balustrade at the top. A third story was added to the building in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Nutini&#39;s Supper Club (1906) 321 Quincy Street. This building still sports its pressed-metal cornice, with the original brackets and other details.</p><br>
<p>The Hancock Town Hall and Fire Hall is a public building located at 399 Quincy Street in the Quincy Street Historic District in Hancock, Michigan. It is also known as the Hancock City Hall. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1977 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>By the end of the 19th century, the citizens of Hancock wanted a substantial government building that would reflect the citys prosperity and distinguish it from the more impermanent mining villages in the surrounding Keweenaw Peninsula. In 1898, the Quincy Mine company sold a lot on Quincy Street to the city, and the Marquette firm of Charlton, Gilbert and Demar was hired to design a Town Hall and Fire Hall building on the site. which opened in January 1899. The building originally housed the city clerks office and council chambers, along with the marshall&#39;s office, jail, and the fire department.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Hancock Town Hall is a two-story building constructed of rock-faced red Jacobsville Sandstone set in even courses, exhibiting Richardsonian Romanesque, Dutch, and Flemish architectural influences. It has a gable roof and a square tower with belfry at one corner; the tower originally had a steep conical roof. The main facade is dominated by a broadly arched window filled with diagonally paned glass and flanked by smaller windows.</p><br>
<p>The Cimarron Redoubt  was an improvised USA Army fortification south of the city of Ashland in Clark County, Kansas, United States. Built in 1870 near a major trade route&#39;s crossing of the Cimarron River, it was later used for a variety of civilian purposes, including a post office. Today, it lies abandoned amid farm fields in southern Center Township.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Southwestern Kansas was the location of some of the fighting of the Comanche War, fought between 1867 and 1875. In order to protect traffic on the Fort Supply/Fort Dodge trail, USA Army soldiers built two redoubts north and south of the Cimarron River. The southern redoubt, constructed of sandbags, was erected on the eastern side of Clark Creek south of its confluence with the Cimarron, while the earthen northern redoubt was built along the eastern side of Bear Creek. Named for the streams along which they lie, the two sites are located approximately fourteen miles apart: the Cimarron Redoubt lies nine miles south of Ashland, while the Bear Creek Redoubt lies five miles to the north of the city.</p><br>
<p>Although fighting concluded in the immediate vicinity of the redoubt by 1875, it and the Bear Creek redoubt remained necessary fortifications in the Armys strategy of keeping hostile Native Americans away from settled areas. By the late 1870s, the region was sufficiently peaceful to render the Cimarron Redoubt unnecessary, and it was left to use by local civilians. The next few years saw it converted into a store, and by 1881, it was the location of the Deep Hole post office. After an undetermined period of time, it was abandoned. Since that time, the redoubt has been remarkably well preserved: the tall grass that now covers it has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. Located in the middle of a field now used for the storage of hay, the grass-covered redoubt is Kansas only known sandbag fort.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, the Cimarron Redoubt&#39;s excellent state of preservation led to its being placed on the National Register of Historic Places, both for its historical role in military affairs and for the potential archeological value of excavation. The areas recognized as significant include both the fortification and some surrounding fields. Moreover, the National Park Service has recognized the redoubt as one of the principal sites in the valley of the Cimarron River.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>Built by soldiers under the command of Captain John Page, the redoubt was constructed in the shape of a square, sixty feet on each side. According to an account by Frances Roe, a later commanders wife who was stationed there in January 1873, it was laid out with many aspects of larger fortifications, such as bastions, ditches, and a ten-foot-tall parapet. Inside, the fortification included log-reinforced rooms for the garrison that, under Roes supervision, were capable of becoming "clean and cheerful" for a military wife.</p><br>
<p>Today, the walls have been eroded somewhat, especially along Clark Creek on the redoubt&#39;s southern side; they are generally only about two or three feet above the surrounding terrain. Nevertheless, its structure is overall strong enough that the redoubt is expected to survive essentially intact long into the future.</p><br>
<p>The Sullivan County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building in downtown Laporte, Pennsylvania, United States. Built in 1894, this Romanesque Revival courthouse is a rectangular building measuring approximately 92 feet by 60 feet, built of brick with a slate roof. Since its construction, it has been the most prominent building in Sullivan County.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The building is located in the smallest and highest county seat in Pennsylvania, at an elevation of over 2,000 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Background and history</h2><br>
<p>Sullivan County was established in 1847. At this time, the county commissioners were informed by their council that they could use any building in the county, and the commissioners each had their own office. Initial plans to build a courthouse in Sullivan County were made as early as 1847. Despite some controversy about whether to place the courthouse in Forksville, Cherry Hill or Laporte, it was eventually decided that it would be located in Laporte. In 1851 Michael Meylert constructed the 44 foot square, three-story brick courthouse. By 1893, the old courthouse&#39;s walls were buckling and held together with iron rods. It was torn down in 15 days.</p><br>
<p>The architects Wagner & Reitmeyer of Williamsport designed the new courthouse. The Lawrence Brothers Builders were the contractors for the building, submitting a bid of $24,000. The bricks were laid by William Johnson and Thomas Edwards of Jamestown, New York, and James Gansel did the plastering. Construction began in June 1894 and the first court session in the new building was held in December.</p><br>
<p>Minor renovations were done in 1935. The slate roof was replaced with shingles in 1962, but these were replaced by slate in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>The main portion of the Sullivan County Courthouse has two floors, along with a basement, a chimney and a four-story bell tower. The building is made mostly of brick, but contains some cut stone and doors and windows are made of hardwood. The doors and windows have arched tops. The walls are 18 in thick.</p><br>
<p>The main building is 92 by, but the building also has a square-shaped area 28 ft on a side. This area was used as a jail, and is now used for holding cells. The sheriffs residence was also in this part of the building, but he has long since moved out. The first floor of the building mainly consists of county offices, a sheriffs office, and the jail. A 50 by area of the second floor serves as a courtroom. The rest of the area mostly consists of small offices.</p><br>
<p>The Sullivan County Courthouse is located immediately southeast of the town square of the borough of Laporte. It is on the corner of Main Street and Muncy Street.</p><br>
<p>The Călimani Mountains  are the largest volcanic complex of the Carpathian Mountains in Transylvania, Romania. Geologically they belong to the Căliman-Harghita Mountains group of the Inner Eastern Carpathians.</p><br>
<p>Maximum height is reached in Pietrosul Călimanilor Peak, at 2,102 m. Other significant peaks include: Bistriciorul (1,990 m), Stuniorul (1,885 m), Gruiului (1,913 m), Negoiul Unguresc (2,084 m), Rețițiș (2,021 m), Bradul Ciont (1,899 m), Iezerul Călimanilor (2,023 m). The volcanic crater with a diameter of 10 km is bordered by the highest peaks, and to north is split by Valea Neagră, a tributary of Dorna River. Inside the crater there are several secondary volcanic funnels (Pietricelui, Vârful Haitei, Negoiul Românesc), some of which are now exploitations of sulfur.</p><br>
<p>Among the major tourist attractions include odd shapes of volcanic rocks on Tihul, Rusca and Rețițiș Mountains, but especially on Tămău and Lucaciu Mountains. In the last sector can be found the geological reserve 12 Apostles.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>The Călimani Mountains, alongside Gurghiu and Harghita Mountains, fall in the southern group of the youngest mountains in Romania, with extinct craters about 1.8–5 million years ago (Lower Quaternary), that formed in the Upper Pliocene (late Tertiary Neogene). Intense Neogene volcanic activity led to the emergence of huge accumulations of lava spread over a length of 450 km (of which 375 in Romania). Consisting of alternating lava, agglomerates and ash (stratovolcano), the Călimani belongs to the southern group – the most important volcanic mass – with an area of approximately 6,400 km², with a width of about 40 km and a length of nearly 160 km.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>Following studies of Romanian and foreign biologists, from 1900 until recent years, were mentioned 1,004 species of vascular plants of which trees and shrubs are inferior in number of species, in favor of herbal plants.</p><br>
<p>There are several ecosystems: mixed forests of spruce and beech in Mureș Defile, spruce forests in Neagra Basin, spruce forests mixed with stone pine (scientific reserve), junipers and cades, and over 1,900 m, alpine meadows.</p><br>
<h2>Călimani National Park</h2><br>
<p>Founded in 1990, the Călimani National Park is one of the largest national parks in Romania. The park has a total area of 24,041 ha and includes the following areas:</p><br>
<p>Scientific Reserve of Juniper Trees with Pinus cembra, category Ia IUCN in area of 384.2 ha</p><br>
<p>Reserve Iezer Lake of Călimani, category IV IUCN in area of 322 ha</p><br>
<p>Geological Reserve 12 Apostles, category IV IUCN in area of 200 ha.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The Călimani Mountains are a popular ecotouristic location among Romanians and foreigners. The area in which lies the mountain range overlaps Țara Dornelor, a region where nature and folk traditions blend. During the winter, ski slopes in Vatra Dornei are overrun by tourists. During the summer, they can practice river rafting, mountain biking, paragliding or zip lining.</p><br>
<p>Though not a reason for tourism per se, the mountains were also noted to be the site of Castle Dracula in Bram Stoker&#39;s novel Dracula.</p><br>
<p>Vernon Historic District is a national historic district located in Vernon and Vernon Township, Jennings County, Indiana. It encompasses 42 contributing buildings and 3 contributing sites in Vernon. The district largely developed between about 1830 and 1900, and includes notable examples of Italianate, Greek Revival, and Federal style architecture. Notable contributing resources include the Jennings County Courthouse , American House tavern, "Rat Row" apartments , Jacob Clinton House , Judge Hickman New House , John Bassnett House , Gen. Robert S. Foster House , Methodist Church , Vernon Presbyterian Church , Baptist Church , a stone arch , Tunnel Mill site, and Vinegar Mill site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago Great Western Depot at 726 East Main Street in Red Wing, in the USA State of Minnesota, is a former railroad station listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The depot was built in 1906 after the Chicago Great Western Railway  acquired two small railroads: the Minnesota Central, which connected to Cannon Falls; and the Duluth, Red Wing, and Southern, which connected to Zumbrota. CGW established a divisional headquarters and built this depot in 1906, with passenger space on the first floor and office space on the second floor. The red brick structure was the largest depot the railroad built in Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>In 1966 the line from Red Wing south to Pine Island was torn up. In 1982 the line from Cannon Falls east to Red Wing, which had not been used for years, was abandoned. The trackage to the depot was removed. The building was remodeled as a Hardee&#39;s restaurant in 1979, but by 2006 it became a Caribou Coffee location.</p><br>
<p>Eyre Hall is a plantation house located in Northampton, Virginia, close to Cheriton, and owned by the Eyre family since 1668. The property is one of the state&#39;s best preserved colonial homes with gardens among the oldest in the United States. The plantation was placed on the National Register on November 12, 1969. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on March 2, 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property where Eyre Hall is located was first patented to the three sons of Thomas Eyre I in 1668 and included 1,600 acre. A 700 acre tract was purchased by Littleton Eyre, a great grandson of Thomas, in 1754 with the purpose to build a family seat and a working plantation. The original structure built in 1760 was a 41 ft-square structure and was a 2½ story wooden home. The house was expanded, an intermediary section was raised to two stories in 1790 and a two story unit was added in 1807. The house was modernized in 1930 and included a large kitchen, a breakfast room, and a storage building.</p><br>
<p>The property grew periodically over the years too, as a dairy was built in 1760 and a smokehouse was built around 1806. The house is surrounded by boxwood gardens, and formal lawns and fields that melt away into the Cherrystone Creek. On the grounds is also a walled garden from the 1800s, the Eyre family cemetery, and the ruins of an orangery from 1819.</p><br>
<p>Since its origin, 12 generations of the Eyre family have owned the property, several attended the College of William & Mary and members of the House of Burgesses. Currently, the estate is owned by H. Furlong Baldwin, a retired bank executive who is a descendant of Thomas Eyre.</p><br>
<h2>Inventory</h2><br>
<p>Severn and Margaret Eyre contributed to the consumer revolution of the 18th century, increasing the amount of luxury goods so the family could extend their capacity to engage in a refined manner. The inventory conducted in 1774 inventory mentions two turkey carpets, “Queens china,” “two neat fowling pieces silver mounted,” “1 Violin Bow and Case,” a library with over 300 volumes, and "1 large silver Punch Bowl,” which, valued at thirty pounds, was the most expensive single article of silver included in 1774. This is in all likelihood the supposed Morning Star punch bowl made in London by John Sutton in 1692; an uncommon survival of seventeenth-century residential silver with a Virginia provenance. Eyre family legend dictates that Morning Star, a family racehorse, swallowed champagne from the bowl in the wake of winning a race.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>Eyre Hall renders a culmination of "architectural sophistication and regional preference." Littleton Eyre (1710-1768) may have wished to erect a structure with regards to the conventions of his neighbors yet of a scale that addressed his position and aspirations. Houses of wood outline development with gambrel rooftops were prominent locally and all through the Chesapeake, yet once in a while for the wealthiest of the upper class, who tended to work with brick.</p><br>
<p>Ann and John Eyre, married in 1800, rolled out unobtrusive however stylish improvements to the house, including supplanting a straightforward bolection chimney shaping in the parlor with a neoclassical chimneypiece highlighting a cut urn and anthemions. To a late eighteenth-century story-and-a-half augmentation, they included an entire second story in 1807 and stretched out the entire to oblige a lounge area, storeroom, and servant&#39;s room. A "porch room" with a structural show pantry associated this wing to the first house.</p><br>
<p>Mirroring the mid nineteenth-century enthusiasm for the sentimental and the fascinating, and also energy for herbal science and agriculture, the Eyres introduced French beautiful backdrop portraying Turkish scenes along the Bosphorus. The backdrop, which later ended up noticeably known as Rives du Bosphore, was planned before 1812 and publicized in the United States by 1817.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The house as viewed from its drive is dominated by a large two story wood frame front section with a door on the far left and framed by a portico. The bottom half is white weatherboard with the top covered with dark shingle. The large rectangular windows sit in a pair on each floor, with a window located above the entrance. A pair of large red brick chimneys pierce the roofline on the right.</p><br>
<p>The next section is offset from the drive and is covered with white weatherboard from top to bottom. Another portico juts from the side of the front section and mirrors the front entrance. A small courtyard lies in front. A door is also located to the right of this back section and is framed by a window to either side with windows in direct line above. Large red brick chimneys pierce the roof in the center and on the far right.</p><br>
<p>The entire house is set behind a white picket fence the runs its entire facade and perimeter. The dairy is located to the right of the house with the family cemetery and orangery ruins behind.</p><br>
<p>Fish Lake Reservoir, sometimes called Fish Lake Flowage, is a 3,526 acre impoundment of the Beaver River, part of the Cloquet and Saint Louis River system, located 20 miles northwest of the city of Duluth, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>Fish Lake Reservoir, known locally as simply Fish Lake, spans the townships of Fredenberg Township, Canosia Township, and Grand Lake Township, in southern Saint Louis County, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>Fish Lake Reservoir is a 3,071 acre lake located northwest of Duluth, with 75% (2,303 acres) littoral area and a maximum depth of 36 feet. Minnesota Power owns and operates a public access on the north side of the lake located at the end of Township Road 285. The Minnesota DNR also operates a public access located on the far west section of the lake, near Saint Louis County Road 15.</p><br>
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<p>The Francis Ermatinger House is located in Oregon City, Oregon, United States. Built by Francis Ermatinger in 1845, it is the oldest house in Clackamas County. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and has been operated as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Built in the Greek Revival style, the house was originally located near the Willamette River, in the downtown area near Willamette Falls. Francis Ermatinger, an employee of the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company, remained in Oregon City after the company abandoned its operations there in 1845.</p><br>
<p>The house has been moved twice in its history, first in 1910 to the corner of 11th and Center streets, and again in 1986 to its current location at the corner of 6th and John Adams streets, adjacent to the Stevens Crawford House museum.</p><br>
<p>It was in the Ermatinger Houses left parlor that the famous coin toss between Francis Pettygrove and Asa Lovejoy occurred, reputedly during a dinner party held in the house in 1845. The two were arguing about whether the town they envisioned on their land claim, then called The Clearing, should be incorporated as Boston—Lovejoys hometown in Massachusetts—or Portland—Pettygrove&#39;s hometown in Maine. Pettygrove won two out of three tosses, resulting in the city of Portland, Oregon.</p><br>
<p>Damage from being moved twice has left the house unstable, resulting in the windows being removed. It is closed to the public. With the future of the house in flux, it is one of ten entries on the Historic Preservation League of Oregon&#39;s Most Endangered Places in Oregon 2011 list.</p><br>
<p>The Bay of Exploits is a large bay in the northeast of Newfoundland. It extends from the mouth of the Exploits River and opens on to Notre Dame Bay to the north. It is approximately 1,000 square kilometers  in size and contains over 30 islands of which New World Island is the largest.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The bay probably got its name from early successful encounters with the Beothuk Indians. The main towns are Lewisporte, Twillingate (on the Twillingate Islands in the bay) and Botwood. Salmon fishing and the fur trade were the main early industries.</p><br>
<h2>The last of the Beothuk</h2><br>
<p>The shores of the Bay of Exploits, the Exploits River and Red Indian Lake at its head, were among the last known haunts of the Beothuk people who generally are thought to have become extinct with the death of Shanawdithit in June 1829, though oral histories contend that a few may have survived for a while longer.</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>Düne  is one of two islands in the German North Sea Coast Area that belong to the Archipelago of Heligoland, the other being Heligoland proper.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The small island Düne is part of the German State Schleswig-Holstein. Situated 1 mile to the east of the main island Heligoland, Düne is part of the natural landscape Helgoländer Felssockel. The island measures 0.78 mile in length and 0.53 mile in width.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until the 17th century, Düne was connected to Heligoland. On New Year&#39;s Eve 1721 a big storm surge separated the dunes from Heligoland. Therefore, the island that arose was called Düne (English: Dune). In 1935 the size of the island was 10 hectare. In 1940 the Nazi government increased the size of the island to 40 hectare. This increase was for military use. An airfield was built that is still used today. The Heligoland Airport has three runways, of which the longest is 480 m. The area of the artificial island is 40 hectare.</p><br>
<p>St Peters Hospital, Bristol could be found to the rear of St Peters church until it was destroyed in the Bristol Blitz in 1940.</p><br>
<p>A house had stood on that site since approximately 1400 and the hospital was a timbered, gabled mansion. In 1607 the building was bought by a rich merchant named Robert Aldworth who went about completely rebuilding it. In later years (circa 1634) it passed into the ownership of Thomas Elbridge and later still for a short period of time the building was the Bristol Mint.</p><br>
<p>The old Bristol Mint was then bought by the Corporation in 1696 for £800 to be used as a workhouse for the Bristol Corporation of the Poor and it is in this role as a paupers workhouse that the building is much better known. It was later called St Peters Hospital as in 1820 85 inmates looked after 306 sick ones. After the cholera outbreak of 1836, the corporation of the poor rented the defunct prison at Stapleton, thereby founding Blackberry Hill Hospital.</p><br>
<p>St Peters Hospice, established in 1969, is named after St Peters Hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Archives</h2><br>
<p>While many of the registers and records of St Peter&#39;s Hospital were destroyed when the building was hit by an Incendiary device during the Bristol Blitz other papers, photographs and documents related to the site and the institution survive, and are held at Bristol Archives ().</p><br>
<p>Powell Lake is a lake in the northern Sunshine Coast region of British Columbia, Canada, adjacent to the city of Powell River, which sits on the low rise of land forming a natural dam between the lake and the Strait of Georgia. The lake is fed by the Powell River and features Goat Island, a large mountainous island. It serves as a reservoir for a small hydroelectric generating station which was built to serve the city&#39;s paper mill, and also served as a water supply for that paper mill.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>The lake was named for Israel Wood Powell, Indian Commissioner for British Columbia 1872-1889.</p><br>
<h2>Indigenous history</h2><br>
<p>There is conflicting historical evidence that a village of the Sliammon people, was ever located on its shores.</p><br>
<p>However, any evidence will likely be found under the current waters of Powell Lake, since it was only a river system meandering between mountainous valleys before the dam at the river head was built to provide power for the timber mill and a floating highway to deliver logs from cutting areas in the adjacent mountains.</p><br>
<p>One view is that the original Powell River was a salmon breeding ground before settlement and logging interests dammed the waters use, suggesting ecological, cultural and geographical desirability for native settlement on the life giving river close to the ocean.</p><br>
<p>However, there is no doubt that one time Powell Lake was once an ocean inlet as it contains ancient salt water at its deepest points, some of which are more than 500m. Geologists posit that the mouth of Powell Lake rebounded with the recession of glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age, creating a fresh water barrier system, which led to the destruction of its salmon runs and its becoming a fresh water lake. If there were indigenous communities based on salmon runs in that system, that must have been many thousands of years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Belchen, 1,414 m, or Black Forest Belchen  is the fourth highest summit of the Black Forest after the Feldberg, Seebuck and the Herzogenhorn. The municipalities of Münstertal, Schönenberg and Kleines Wiesental meet on the summit dome of the Belchen which is located in the southwest German state of Baden-Württemberg.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The domed, treeless summit has a striking profile that, seen from the Upper Rhine Plain, is almost symmetrical. Belchen (Celtic: the radiant) is a name also used for other high points in the neighbouring mountains, including two that are especially striking when covered with snow. Together with the Black Forest Belchen, they form the so-called Belchen Triangle: to the west on the French side of the Upper Rhine Plain is the Alsatian Belchen (Elsässer Belchen) or Ballon d&#39;Alsace in the Vosges; to the south on the southern side of the Upper Rhine is the Swiss Belchen (Schweizer Belchen), the Belchenflue. In addition, within sight in the Alsace in the Vosges are the Great Belchen (Großer) and Little Belchen (Kleiner Belchen), or Grand and Petit Ballon which, together with the others belong to the so-called Belchen System.</p><br>
<p>The panorama from the top covers large parts of the Black Forest to the Hornisgrinde, the Vosges, the Jura and, in good weather, the Alps from the Zugspitze to Mont Blanc. The Belchen also has far-reaching views across the Upper Rhine Plain to Alsace.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Belchen, with its furrowed, unbroken rock faces, rises 1,000 metres out of the Münstertal valley. Its north face is thus the area of highest relief energy in the German Central Uplands. Even towards the south the mountain drops steeply, its schrofen slopes descending 800 metres into the valley bowl of the Little Wiese near Neuenweg.</p><br>
<p>The large expanse of rolling plateau in the eastern Black Forest has only survived in small places at the Belchen. Towards the Rhine Plain and the mountain of Blauen the western main crest of the Southern Black Forest has been cut into narrow ridges as a result of the marked uplift of the range during the Pleistocene and the erosive work of its streams. The ice age glaciation of the Belchen region has not left such clear traces behind as those on the Feldberg. To the north and south, small avalanche bowl glaciers formed, whose maximum extent reached the edge of the Black Forest.</p><br>
<p>The domed kuppe consists of granite, whereas the surrounding mountainsides are mostly formed of gneisses. The area around the Belchen was a mining region, at times an important one, between 900 and 1975.</p><br>
<p>A chain of well-preserved boundary stones from 1790 runs over the summit of the Belchen. These mark the old border between the Habsburg territory of Further Austria to the north and the Margraviate of Baden to the south of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Belchen Nature Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Because of its rare flora and fauna, Belchen was declared a nature reserve in 1949. The area was extended to 1600 ha in 1993. and is now one of the largest nature reserves in Baden-Württemberg.</p><br>
<p>Many species of rare butterfly, beetle and bird are found in the highland areas of the Belchen. Typical birds include the raven, song thrush, citril finch and water pipit, but peregrine, capercaillie and hazel grouse are also found on the Belchen.</p><br>
<p>Among the plants are relicts from the last ice age that are otherwise only found in the Alps. These include the Swiss bellflower, Alpine rose, Swiss hawkbit and lichens.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>With more than 300,000 visitors a year the Belchen is one of the most popular destinations in the Southern Black Forest.</p><br>
<p>In 1866 the first guest house was built below the summit. In 1899 its replacement was finished. This has been expanded and remodelled several times. In 1904 the road to the Belchen was opened. In 1949 the proposal to build a chair lift from Obermünstertal to the summit failed. Ski slopes are limited although there are now eleven ski lifts in the Belchen region. The Belchen road was the public road with the highest destination in the German Central Uplands. The uppermost section has been placed out of bounds since the opening of the cable car in December 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Belchen lies on the West Way, a long distance path maintained by the Black Forest Club, which runs from Pforzheim to Basle. Other marked footpaths run from Untermünstertal, Schönau and Neuenweg up the mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, in order to protect the valuable nature conservation area, for visitor management and as a development concept the so-called Belchen concept was developed and submitted as a model. It formulated aims, recommendations and spheres of action, not just for institutions and authorities, but also for the local population and guests. Participants included the Forestry Test and Research Centre for Baden-Württemberg in Freiburg, the German Sport University, Cologne, the Southern Black Forest Nature Park, the municipality of Münstertal, the Münstertal-Staufen Holiday Region and private citizens of Münstertal.</p><br>
<h2>Belchen Gondola Lift</h2><br>
<p>The Belchen Gondola Lift operates as a single-cable lift with 8-man cabins or gondolas from the bottom station in Aitern-Multen (GVV Schönau) to the top station at 1,356 metres above sea level. It is 1,150 metres long and climbs through 262 metres. Its theoretical capacity is 1,200 passengers per hour. The cabins are of the Leitner CA 8-2000 type and were originally made for the cable car at Expo 2000 in Hanover. The Belchenbahn has disabled boarding and alighting facilities at the top and bottom stations.</p><br>
<p>The cable is loaded daily with 23 coupled gondolas (plus 2 reserve cabins) from the gondola garage in the direction of travel, they are re-garaged on the return journey and the whole operation is fully automatic. Operating speeds are controllable within a range from 0.3 m/s to 5.0 m/s. The highest of the eight pylons of the lift is 18.6 metres high. The power output os 340 kW. The carrying cable has a diameter of 46 mm. The lift has 108 rollers on the working part of the route.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Drescher: Der Wald im Belchengebiet. In: Der Belchen. Natur- und Landschaftsschutzgebiete Baden-Württembergs 13, S. 481–536</p><br>
<p>Geographisch-kartographisches Institut Meyer: Südschwarzwald (Meyers Naturführer). Meyers Lexikonverlag, Mannheim, 1989</p><br>
<p>Dieter Kohlhepp: Der Belchen. Waldkircher Verlags-Gesellschaft, 1997,</p><br>
<p>Albrecht Schlageter: Zur Geschichte des Bergbaus im Umkreis des Belchen. In: Der Belchen. Natur- und Landschaftsschutzgebiete Baden-Württembergs 13, S. 127–310</p><br>
<p>The General Electric Realty Plot, often referred to locally as the GE Realty Plot, GE Plots or just The Plot, is a residential neighborhood in Schenectady, New York, United States. It is an area of approximately 90 acre just east of Union College.</p><br>
<p>Originally an undeveloped tract owned by the college, it was sold to General Electric (GE) at the end of the 19th century to help the college pay off a debt. The companys executives subdivided it, laid out streets according to a plan inspired by New Yorks Central Park and built houses on the land, with covenants requiring a minimum lot size and house value. Two of them were among the first fully electric houses in the USA, used as models by GE. Also settling in the neighborhood were some local businessmen and politicians, and the research scientists who worked at the company&#39;s research laboratory a short distance away. They were collectively responsible for over 400 patents. Some of the key events in their research happened within the Plot, as many took things home to work on.</p><br>
<p>By 1927 approximately a hundred houses had been built, including one later owned by chemist Irving Langmuir, a GE researcher, for his later life. It has subsequently been designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of Langmuir&#39;s scientific accomplishments, including the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1980 the entire neighborhood was recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Plot is no longer so heavily dominated by GE employees, due to the companys greatly reduced presence in the city. Houses in it remain highly valued, and residents pay some of the Capital District regions highest property taxes. Rules enforced by both the neighborhood association and the city&#39;s Historic Commission preserve its historic character.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The district is mostly bounded by streets, making it roughly quadrilateral in shape. At the west, Lenox Road divides it from the college campus. Nott Street forms the northern boundary, separating the Realty Plot from Ellis Hospital until the rear property lines between houses on Lowell Road and Glenwood Boulevard mark the eastern boundary. After crossing Rugby Road, the line turns west to take in the houses on the south side of that street, including some on Oxford Place just east of its intersection with Wendell Avenue, then following Oxford back to Lenox.</p><br>
<p>A small stream known as College Creek or Grooteskill flows west through the district to the Mohawk River, making a ravine 30 ft deep and 100 ft wide through the center of the district. It is spanned by four bluestone arch bridges, all included as contributing properties. Many mature trees grow throughout the district.</p><br>
<p>The houses within are on lots with a minimum size of 70 by, set back 35 – from the streets they front on. They are predominantly in the Colonial Revival or Georgian Revival architectural styles, with some in the Mission Revival, Queen Anne or Shingle modes.</p><br>
<p>The Steinmetz Memorial on Wendell Avenue is the only significant open space in the district. It is named for Charles Proteus Steinmetz, the German-born electrical engineer whose research made alternating current possible. Steinmetzs house (at 1297 Wendell Avenue) stood on the grounds of the Memorial. He did research in a backyard lab, and both the lab and the house were demolished in 1944. Steinmetz also chaired the citys school board. A separate public park in Schenectady, known as The Steinmetz Park, is located on Lenox Road but is outside the GE Realty Plot district.</p><br>
<p>The building at 1184 Rugby Road was developed as a primary school and remained in use for that purpose for many years.</p><br>
<p>Only five buildings have been added to the district since its initial period of development in the first quarter of the 20th century. They include a modern church by Edward Durrell Stone from the late 1950s on Wendell Avenue. Most of them are otherwise unintrusive, but are not considered contributing due to their more recent construction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1899 Union College announced that, in order to pay off a $30,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) debt, it would sell two adjacent tracts of land. One, the College Meadow, was a 30 acre parcel to the west; the other, the College Woods, was 75 acre in size and located immediately to the east of the college. Prominent citizens of the city called for the land to be developed into a park, and a petition to that effect gained 2,200 signatures. The college proposed to lease the land to the city for that purpose, but at a very high annual rate. Shortly afterward, several members of the board of General Electric, which had grown rapidly since Thomas Edison had moved his Edison Machine Works to Schenectady in 1886, announced that the company would buy the land from the college for $57,000 ($ in contemporary dollars), retiring the college&#39;s debt.</p><br>
<p>They formed a subsidiary, Schenectady Realty Company, to purchase and develop the land. Their goal was to offer another incentive for the company&#39;s executives and researchers to stay rather than leave for a competitor or start their own companies. It took until 1903 to grade the streets and lay water and sewer lines and build the bridges.</p><br>
<p>The plan for the neighborhood was developed by Parse and DeForrest, specialists in the new discipline of urban planning. They took their inspiration from New York City&#39;s Central Park, designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux. Instead of being planned around a central street, like the way Schenectady had developed along Union Street, thinking which had guided Glenwood and Parkwood boulevards elsewhere in the city, they imagined the area as two smaller lots divided by Wendell Avenue, a street named after a former landowner in the area. They laid out the streets in gentle curves, like the pathways in Central Park. They also tried something new on residential city streets at the time: the "sod gutter", by which there is no curb on a paved street, to further maintain the park-like atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>Covenants in the deeds for each lot limited construction on it to one single-family house, to be sold or valued at no less than $4,000 ($ in contemporary dollars), almost twice the median home value in Schenectady at that time, a value later raised to account for inflation. Construction had to commence within two years of the purchase of the lot. The setback and lot size restrictions were also set at this time. Another provision limited the height of any fence between properties to 3 ft, to make sure they were purely ornamental in purpose. When the plans were finished, the property&#39;s surveyor claimed "We have here a suburban residential plot second-to-none between New York and Chicago, either in layout, restrictions, or the class of houses upon it."</p><br>
<p>The streets were mostly named from a combination of the works of Sir Walter Scott and two prominent names in the history of New England, Adams and Lowell. Rugby Road was named due to the use of an adjacent field for rugby matches. Nott Road already existed and had been named for Union College president Eliphalet Nott. Lenox Road was originally spelled with two "n"&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Every winter an area behind Brown School was flooded to create a skating pond for residents of the Plot, who received a special lapel tag to identify themselves. The fire hydrant built for this purpose is still extant.</p><br>
<p>Houses were built and sold rapidly. Some non-GE residents moved in, including the citys then-mayor F.F. Eisenmanger. In 1912 another mayor, George R. Lunn, the first Socialist mayor in New York and later the states lieutenant governor, had the city take over the maintenance of the streets. This led to the installation of sidewalks, which diluted the original sod-gutter look somewhat.</p><br>
<p>The original map of the plot shows three large parcels in the Oxford Street area to the east. Not part of the original College Woods property, they were eventually purchased by the realty company in 1914 and developed. These lots lacked the covenants in the earlier ones, and as a result some of the houses on Rugby Road are closer together than the rest of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>By 1927 almost all the lots were bought and built on. Since then only five new buildings have been constructed in the district.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The neighborhood is one of four historic districts recognized by the city of Schenectady. It comes under the purview of its Historic Commission, a seven-member body that meets once a month. Under the city&#39;s zoning regulations, any change to a historic building in a district that is visible from a public right-of-way must be approved by the commission. Houses in the district, already the largest in the city, have some of the highest property tax valuations in the Capital District region, from $200–400,000. Many residents pay more than $10,000 annually to the city, county, and school district. Heating bills also run into the thousands.</p><br>
<p>There is also a neighborhood association, the Realty Plot Association. It publishes a newsletter, The Plot Spotter, sponsors an annual house and garden tour and works to maintain the neighborhood&#39;s historic character. Members also greet new residents with a bottle of champagne and An Enclave of Elegance, a history of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Union College owns several of the houses, and in the late 20th century decided to convert some of them to administrative offices and student housing. Residents objected, citing the deed covenants and zoning that prohibited business uses, and filed suit. In 2001 a state appeals court upheld a lower-court ruling in the colleges favor. As a nonprofit the college was not a business, and its presence predated the creation of the Plot and its deed covenants, so the framers of those covenants would have likely included language explicitly restricting college-related activities if that had been their intent. It converted the Parker-Rice estate at 1128 Lenox Road into offices for its fundraising and alumni relations departments. An attempt to have the states Court of Appeals, its highest, hear the case was denied.</p><br>
<h2>Significant contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Most of the homes in the district that have additional significance have it because of their residents.</p><br>
<p>67 Union Avenue. In 1900, the first home built for Edwin W. Rice, a GE executive and president of Schenectady Realty, considered one of the three fathers of General Electric.</p><br>
<p>1155 Avon Road. One of the first all-electric houses in the country when built in 1905.</p><br>
<p>6 Douglas Road. The first all-electric "Gold Medallion" house in the nation in 1901.</p><br>
<p>Ernst Alexanderson House, 1132 Adams Road. Alexanderson, a pioneer in radio and television development, held 322 patents. The first television broadcast was received here in 1927. GE used it as a model for such houses</p><br>
<p>Ernst Julius Berg House, 1336 Lowell Road. Home of the producer of the first two-way radio program in the USA</p><br>
<p>William D. Coolidge House, 1480 Lenox Road. Home of the inventor of the modern X-ray tube. He served in his later years as GE&#39;s director of research</p><br>
<p>Caryl Parker Haskins House, 1166 Avon Road. Home of the entomologist when he taught at Union College.</p><br>
<p>Albert Hull House, 1435 Lowell Road. Home of the inventor of the magnetron, the later foundation for the development of radar and microwave ovens. He held 94 patents.</p><br>
<p>Irving Langmuir House, 1176 Stratford Road. From 1919 until his death in 1957, this was the home of Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the first industrial chemist so honored. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, this is the only contributing property in the district separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>George R. Lunn House, 1299 Stratford Road. Lunn was the first Socialist elected mayor of a city in New York. He later served as lieutenant governor for a term under Alfred E. Smith.</p><br>
<p>Chester Rice House, 1161 Lowell Road. One night in the 1930s, Rice, a GE engineer, directed radio beams at nearby vehicles and got them to bounce back, one of the earliest practical demonstrations of radar.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Rice House, 1050 Avon Road. Rice built this house for himself in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Long Branch is a historic family seat in Millwood, Virginia built in the early 19th century; named after the creek that runs through the property. Built on approximately 1000 acres  by Robert Carter Burwell in 1811 and owned by the Burwell-Nelson family until 1957. The property was placed on the National Register on October 1, 1969.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On September 18, 1650, Charles II of England, granted the original tract of the Northern Neck of Virginia, to seven followers including Lord Culpepper. On September 7, 1688, after acquiring the interests of the remaining grantees, Lord Culpepper was recognized as the sole owner of the Northern Neck. This land passed to his grandson Thomas, 6th Lord of Fairfax and was managed by him until his death in 1781.</p><br>
<p>Robert Carter, familiarly known as “King Carter” was appointed agent for the sale and lease of unoccupied areas of the Fairfax proprietary. On September 22, 1730, acting as Fairfax’s agent, he executed a deed to ten of his sons and grandsons: 50,212 acres of land in what are now Clarke, Warren, and Frederick Counties, Virginia. In 1740 the land was split into eight lots and divided into approximately the same size lots. Robert “Robin” Burwell, a grandson to King Carter, received 5,619 acres of the land. Robert “Robin” Burwell left his land to his son Nathaniel and to his grandson Robert Carter Burwell. In 1769, Robin Burwell conveyed half of his land to his son Nathaniel, who later sold it in 1771. After Robin Burwell’s death, controversy erupted over who owned various portions of the original grant.</p><br>
<p>In 1798, after the legal problems had been sorted out, Robert Carter Burwell inherited his grandfather’s land of about 1,000 acres lying roughly between Long Branch Creek and Rattlesnake Spring.</p><br>
<p>Around 1790, Robert Cater Burwell established Long Branch Plantation and began farming wheat. During the early years of the plantation, Burwell lived with his sister and brother-in-law just north of Long Branch at Rattlesnake Plantation, currently known as Rosney. In the beginning of the 19th century Burwell began to plan his own home, just south of Rosney near Long Branch Creek.</p><br>
<p>In 1811, Burwell had planned a large, two-story brick home with an east wing. Burwell consulted with architect, Benjamin Henry Latrobe during construction. After the start of construction of the plantation house, Burwell left in the summer of 1813 to fight in the War of 1812. He died later that year of diseases he contracted while stationed in Norfolk. He willed his land to his sister, Sarah Nelson and her husband Philip. It is unknown whether Burwell finished construction of the mansion before his death or if Sarah and Philip continued construction upon their inheritance.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, Philip Nelson sold Long Branch to his nephew, Hugh Mortimer Nelson and his wife Anna Maria Adelaide Holker. This was the first time Long Branch changed hands in a financial transaction and the last until 1957. When Hugh M. Nelson and his wife Adelaide moved to Long Branch with their three-year-old daughter, Nannie, they started a large renovation and expansion of the property. In 1847, Hugh Nelson Jr. was born.</p><br>
<p>After moving to Virginia from Baltimore, Maryland, Hugh and Adelaide took to life as Virginia planters and assumed a leading role within Millwoods society. Hugh Nelson took command of the Clarke Cavalry, served as a justice of the peace, and was a vestryman for the Christ Church. Their position in Millwoods society came with considerable expense. As early as 1850, Nelson started to take out loans against Long Branch. He took out several debts and left many bills unpaid. There is little evidence that Adelaide knew of any financial troubles.</p><br>
<p>In 1861, Hugh M. Nelson organized the Clarke Cavalry and reported for duty to fight with the Confederate Army. After fighting in the Seven Days Battles, Nelson fell sick with typhoid and died on August 6, 1862. Long Branch escaped much damage during the war. Reports of the fields being burned was the extent of any damage done.</p><br>
<p>After the war, Adelaide discovered the debt and was in danger of losing Long Branch. The plantation had decreased in value. In 1860, Long Branch was assessed for $103,600. By 1870, it had decreased to the value of $45,000. In 1867, after much legal battle, the courts had ordered the personal effects of Hugh Sr. be put to auction. Adelaide and her son, Hugh Nelson Jr. bought back the majority of the plantations possessions. In 1869, the courts ordered that the house and farm where auctioned off to pay off the remaining debts. The land was auctioned off in two plats, half of the land in one and 280 acres with the house and old buildings. Adelaide was the only bidder for the lot with the house. Eight months after Adelaide died of pneumonia in 1875, Hugh Nelson Jr. bought back the other half of the farm and the entire farm was restored to the family by court decree in 1884.</p><br>
<p>Hugh Nelson Jr. and his wife, Sallie Page Nelson, lived at Long Branch and established a reputation for their hospitality and entertaining. After the death of Hugh Nelson Jr. in 1915, Sallie Page Nelson remained at Long Branch until her death in 1951.</p><br>
<p>In August 1957, Long Branch was sold to Abram and Dorothy Hewitt. At the time of the sale, Long Branch had deteriorated and the Hewitt’s worked to repair and renovate the house. They lived at Long Branch, raising their four sons until 1978 when they sold Long Branch to two doctors from California. In 1982, they sold to a Texas businessman and horse breeder. The condition of Long Branch had deteriorated significantly and the mortgage defaulted on. Once again, Long Branch was auctioned on the steps of the Clarke County Courthouse. In 1986, Harry Z. Isaacs, a Baltimore textile executive and horse breeder, purchased the house and land for $1.35 million.</p><br>
<p>Isaacs began an extensive restoration of Long Branch. Shortly after the start of the restoration, Isaacs learned he had terminal cancer. Upon his death, he left the house and 400-acres to a non-profit foundation and opened Long Branch to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1811, Long Branch is a Federal style, two-story, Flemish bond, brick mansion. The symmetrical façade has seen little changes over the years. The south façade was the original front of the house; changing after Harry Isaacs constructed new roads throughout the property. The belvedere and front and back porticos were added in 1845 by Hugh M. and Adelaide Nelson. The south portico boasts Ionic columns and the north portico has Tuscan columns.</p><br>
<p>The east wing was a service wing with an open loggia that was enclosed in the Nelson renovation of 1845. They added the woodwork in the parlor and original dining room, which is based off the designs of Minard Lefever’s pattern books and has been called “some of the most beautiful examples of Greek Revival woodwork in the nation.” Hugh M. Nelson also added the hanging spiral staircase and the columns in the entrance hall.</p><br>
<p>Indoor plumbing was added some time before 1915, with two identical bathrooms on the first and second floors were added to the northwest rooms. Electricity and a modern kitchen were added after WWII. The Hewitt’s made improvements to the house and updated its amenities without altering the structure.</p><br>
<p>Harry Z. Isaacs made a number of changes to Long Branch. He added the west wing to balance the exterior of the house and completed a number of extensive reconstructions. Structural issues required the south wall of the east wing to be rebuilt. The east wing dining room was enlarged and the size of the kitchen reduced. A stairwell to the basement was removed to make a pantry. Isaac’s restoration involved the removal and replacement of existing materials and features. The brick sidewalks, shutters, columns, portico details and features, chimneys, roofing, gutters, exterior brick, and mantels were all replaced with modern reconstructions.</p><br>
<h3>Benjamin Latrobe</h3><br>
<p>Latrobe commented on Burwell’s plans and made a number of criticisms. He noted the location of the dining room and bedroom on the north side of the house. “In the summer you will be plagued in the evening after dinner by the western sun, and in the winter by the N. West wind.” The largest criticism was the lack of a servant staircase in Burwell’s plans. Without a second stair, servants would be unable to go upstairs without using the main staircase and crossing the central hall. The back staircase to the left of the central stair is believed to be a direct result of Latrobe’s comments. Overall Latrobe described the Long Branch plans as, “infinitely a better one than almost any other which I have seen adopted in Virginia, and the house would be a good one without any alteration.” While Latrobe made comments to the plans Burwell sent them, there is no evidence that Latrobe ever visited the site or directly drew plans for Long Branch.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Agriculture</h3><br>
<p>During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Shenandoah Valley was a productive and expanding agricultural region. The Valley farmers took advantage of the fertile land and created a booming commercial agricultural industry. Corn, hay, and various other grains dominated the region. Wheat served as the most prominent cash crop in the valley. The owners of Long Branch capitalized on this market and maintained a wheat plantation into the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>The wheat from Long Branch was likely ground at the Burwell-Morgan Mill in Millwood and transported to the markets in Alexandria before being shipped to Europe.</p><br>
<p>Records show, that while wheat was the main crop at Long Branch, corn was a secondary crop for the plantation. Letters written by the residents of Long Branch explain their hope for the corn after the wheat crop failed.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, Long Branch has raised a variety of livestock including, cow, sheep, horses, pigs, and chickens.</p><br>
<h3>Gardens</h3><br>
<p>Through the 1800s much of Long Branch’s land was taken up by the wheat plantation. The main house was supported by a greenhouse (burned down in 1861), orchards, and kitchen gardens. Records show that roses, chrysanthemums, and violets were grown on the property. The orchard had cherries, plums, and peaches. The kitchen gardens grew a variety of vegetables and herbs. By the 1930s the gardens were lost, however, the Hewitts reintroduced the flower and kitchen gardens to Long Branch.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Sheila Macqueen Gardens were established at Long Branch. The flower gardens are dedicated to the notable British flower arranger, Sheila Macqueen. The gardens feature herbs, hellebores, hostas, Constance Spry Roses, and a variety of plant species native to Macqueen’s English Gardens. Today the gardens are sustained by the Sheila Macqueen Flower Ladies.</p><br>
<h3>Outbuildings</h3><br>
<p>Pictorial records and oral histories indicate that Long Branch had a grouping of outbuildings fairly close to the house. Various owners have built and demolished these outbuildings over the years. Up to the mid-20th century a number of buildings had survived. These include the summer kitchen, slave quarters, privy, smokehouse, icehouse, and two carriage barns. An 1868 auction handbill states that Long Branch had an overseers’ house, laborers’ houses, blacksmith shop, and barns and stables. A greenhouse was located on the property but burned in 1861. The summer kitchen collapsed in 1965 and an office was rebuilt in its place and was paneled with wood from an old sheep shed. A bank barn survived until 1971 when it burned down. Only the smokehouse and springhouse remain.</p><br>
<p>A pool was added by the Hewitts’ and later taken out by Isaacs.</p><br>
<p>Harry Isaacs constructed numerous outbuildings that stand today. The large horse barn, a machinery shed, two garages, and two houses near the north and south entrances of the property.</p><br>
<h3>Horses</h3><br>
<p>Horses have been an integral part of the history at Long Branch. Originally horses were used to help plow the fields and pull carriages. Hugh Nelson Jr. was an avid horse breeder, raising thoroughbreds and Clydesdales. Abram Hewitt and Harry Isaacs continued the horse breeding tradition at Long Branch, each having their own well-known operations.</p><br>
<p>Today, Long Branch has an extensive boarding program for the care of retired sport horses.</p><br>
<h2>Slavery</h2><br>
<p>As a large wheat plantation, Long Branch used enslaved workers to tend to the fields as well as the families house and gardens. At the peak of operation, the plantation utilized 20-30 slaves for the planting and harvesting of the crop. In addition to the main farming tasks, slaves also tended to the flower and kitchen gardens and helped with the maintenance and cleaning of the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The residents of Long Branch utilized slave labor until the end of the Civil War. At least one family was rehired after emancipation to continue as free labor on the farm.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>After his death in 1990, Harry Z. Issacs left Long Branch to a non-profit foundation. The Harry Z. Isaacs foundation has headquarters in Baltimore with a local board of directors. Tyson Gilpin, chaired the board of directors, oversaw the daily operation of the estate and Colette Poisson, as assistant to Isaacs, became the curator. On April 3, 1993, Long Branch was opened to the public.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Long Branch underwent an extensive update to the museum. The museum installed new history exhibits and period rooms with an updated self-guided tour and new museum programming.</p><br>
<p>Long Branch Plantation hosts many special events and weddings on location.</p><br>
<p>Bridge No. 5757 is a bridge on Minnesota State Highway 23 in Duluth, Minnesota listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge, spanning Mission Creek, is in the Fond du Lac neighborhood of Duluth. The bridge was built in 1937 by A. Bodin and Co. It is a double-span, multi-plate arch culvert with granite headwalls. The creek flows through two 20 ft metal culverts that are 115 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has several ornamental features that distinguish it from an ordinary highway bridge. The headwalls and railings are faced with roughly-cut granite rubble in various colors of gray, pink, and tan. The headwalls continue above the roadway to form the railings, which have narrow lancet-like openings that evoke a late Gothic Revival design. While the bridge resembles Federal Relief projects of the 1930s, it was not actually built by a Federal Relief organization such as the Works Progress Administration or the Civilian Conservation Corps. Instead, it was designed by the Minnesota Department of Highways (now the Minnesota Department of Transportation), probably with their chief landscape architect Arthur R. Nichols. It resembles the National Park Service Rustic style popular in Federal Relief architecture, and the excellent stonework is typical of that used in the labor-intensive construction projects of that era.</p><br>
<p>A 0.75 mi section of Highway 23 through this area was built as a wide, shaded, parkway-like divided highway. This portion is also known as Veterans&#39; Evergreen Memorial Highway in the Fond du Lac neighborhood of Duluth.</p><br>
<p>The Tami Islands are a small island group located 13 km SSE of Finschhafen in the Huon Gulf . It is part of today&#39;s Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>Its people were known throughout the Solomon and South Sea islands for their distinctive wooden bowls, their religious figure carvings, and their ceremonial masks. During World War II, the islands were briefly occupied by the Japanese; Tami Islands were secured after the landings and Nassau Bay, Lae and Nadzab.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Tami Islands include four atolls, two of which are very small, and one so small it is not much larger than a strip of sand. On the two largest islands there are two villages that face each other across a volcanic cove. The islands form a circle around a lagoon, which at its center is 21 m deep. The cove attracts snorkelers and divers who explore the reefs, including day-trippers from nearby Lae, on the main island of Papua New Guinea. The reefs contain Spanish Dancer jellyfish, Blue See Stars and varieties of colorful Pelagic fish, both predators and prey. At its widest, the largest island is not more than about 80 m across.</p><br>
<h2>Regional trade</h2><br>
<p>Islanders specialized in elaborately carved bowls. These were often used for bridal wealth payments throughout the islands, part of a 200 mi regional exchange reaching as far as the Caroline and Solomon Islands. The islanders still make their living through fishing and the production of these bowls, intricately woven sleeping mats, and delicate carvings, and tourism. The evidence of the regional trade is visible in the physiognomy of the inhabitants, who resemble in their facial structure the islanders of New Britain. Islanders decorate themselves with blue and pink paint.</p><br>
<p>The Tami role in the trading cycle is evident from the bowls, which appear throughout the archipelago, and the Siassi islands. Bowls would be exchanged for dogs&#39; teeth (used for carving and wood working, as well as for jewelry), sweet potatoes, reeds, pigs, bows, arrows, feathers and the betel nut. The Tami bowls are distinctive not only for their specific decorative designs, but because they are made of wood, not of clay; most Papua New Guinea pottery is clay, but the Tami Islands have no clay deposits.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the rectangular bowls, Tami art also appears in representations of religious figures, some of them massive. Images are full-length and standing, and the head is placed directly on the torso (no neck). The head usually has a headdress, often very ornate, and the arms fall to the side, like a figure almost at attention. Tami carving places circular eyes directly under the forehead. Tami sculpture also has two incised triangles pointing at the centre of the face. Tami masks also appear as products of trade. The depiction of facial figures resembles the style of carving found on the human figures. Tamis depict a variety of animal figures, equally as stylized as the human ones, on wooden bowls, hooks, spatulas, canoe prows, paddles, and other useful tools.</p><br>
<p>Tami canoes, although outriggers like most of the neighbouring styles, are unique in design and decoration.</p><br>
<p>The distinctive Tami Island outrigger canoe prows have finer and more rectangular structure than those of other south Milne Bay islanders, although they are similarly painted with shields.</p><br>
<h3>European missions and regional trade</h3><br>
<p>The islands&#39; position in the larger trading ecology of the eastern islands attracted Johann Flierl, in 1888, who established a Lutheran mission there. Flierl hoped not only to gain the confidence of the Tamis, and convert them to Lutheranism, but also to integrate the mission goals into the island groups with which the Tamis had contact. The process did not work as Flierl planned: instead, the Tami islanders became incorporated into a western-style material culture. As cash-based jobs became available, often working for the Mission itself, they decreased the product of bowls and cult figures. As a result, the Siassi learned to make the wood bowls, taught by Tami island catechists who went to the Siassi Island to help the missionaries.</p><br>
<h2>World War II</h2><br>
<p>During the war, most of the Tamis were evacuated to the main island, and they returned in May 1944. The islands were the target of three raids by the United States Air Corp. On 25 November 1942, a B-25 hit a Japanese cruiser off one of the main islands. On 18 September 1943, a flight of A-20s hit installations on the island itself, and on 21 September 1943, flights of A-20s, B-26s, and the RAAF also targeted installations there. By this time, however, according to local people, the Japanese had left. As a consequence of the bombings, there were large craters in the centre of the villages, and in the betel nut grove, and many of the palm trees were ripped apart.</p><br>
<p>Today the Tami Islands are protected by the Papua New Guinea National Seas Act 1977.</p><br>
<p>Dansville Library is a historic library located at Dansville in Livingston County, New York. It is a large two story Neoclassical style frame structure. It is dramatically enhanced by a pedimented, giant portico covering its full width. The portico features four Doric columns, an elaborate frieze with triglyphs and rosettes, a modillion cornice, and a semi-ellipical fan decoration in the cornice. The earliest section was built in 1823 as a private home for Joshua Shepard . The Shepard family donated the house for use as a library in 1923.</p><br>
<p>In 2011 a renovation of the building was undertaken in order to bring the facilities of the library up to modern expectations of technological ability and handicap access. A new wing was added to the southeast end of the building, dubbed the Saunders wing after the beneficence of local business mogul E. Philip Saunders and his wife Carol. The interior of the original Shepard building was fully remodeled while the exterior received needed repair and upkeep.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 and it is a contributing property in the Dansville Downtown Historic District.</p><br>
<p>Arrowmont School of Arts and Crafts is an Arts and Crafts center in the USA city of Gatlinburg, Tennessee. The oldest craft school in Tennessee, Arrowmont offers workshops in arts and crafts such as painting, woodworking, drawing, glass, photography, basket weaving, ceramics, fiber arts, book arts and metalworking. The School has an 11-month Artists-in-Residence program for early career artists. Arrowmont&#39;s campus contains the oldest buildings in Gatlinburg and comprises two historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Arrowmonts history is rooted in a settlement school founded by the Pi Beta Phi womens fraternity in Gatlinburg in 1912. The school provided the only public education for children in the Gatlinburg area until Sevier County assumed control of its public schools in the early 1940s. The early writings and reports of the settlement schools teachers provide an important glimpse of Gatlinburg in the days before the establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park radically changed the citys economy and culture. Pi Beta Phi helped prime Gatlinburg for the coming tourism boom, and also helped Gatlinburg residents tap into the national market for the crafts of Southern Appalachia with the establishment of Arrowcraft in the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>After the county gained control of the settlement school in 1943, Pi Beta Phi and the University of Tennessee established the craft workshops that evolved into what is now Arrowmont.</p><br>
<p>The school&#39;s campus was damaged on November 29, 2016, when a wildfire from the nearby Great Smoky Mountains National Park spread throughout Gatlinburg. Arrowmont lost two dormitories and a maintenance shed. All other buildings were unharmed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Establishment of the settlement school</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, reports of widespread poverty and lack of education in Southern Appalachia gained the attention of religious and philanthropic organizations. Inspired by the settlement house movement that began in the previous century, these organizations established "settlement schools" in remote mountain communities to provide free education. In June 1910, former Pi Beta Phi Grand President Emma Harper Turner spoke at the fraternitys national convention and suggested the fraternity establish such a school as a memorial for its 50th anniversary. The fraternitys National Alumnae Association authorized the school on June 30, and fraternity leaders initiated an extensive study to locate a mountain community that would most benefit from a new school. The USA Commissioner of Education suggested they establish such a school in Tennessee, and the Tennessee Department of Education identified Sevier County as having the fewest schools. An East Tennessee teacher, Mabel Moore, pointed the Pi Beta Phis to Gatlinburg&mdash; then a tiny mountain hamlet at the edge of the Great Smoky Mountains&mdash; as the community most in need of a new school. In 1910, Pi Beta Phi Grand President May Lansfield Keller made the 17 mi trek from Sevierville to Gatlinburg over what she called "the worst road in Tennessee" and verified that Gatlinburg was the best choice for the fraternity&#39;s first philanthropy.</p><br>
<p>Nashville native Martha Hill was chosen as the school&#39;s first teacher, and classes began February 20, 1912 in an abandoned schoolhouse at the confluence of Baskins Creek and the Little Pigeon River. When the locals showed little enthusiasm for the purchase, Pi Beta Phi threatened to close the school. A last minute effort led by Andrew Huff, Steve Whaley, and Isaac Maples raised the necessary funds, however, and Ogle transferred the deed on the evening of the deadline set by Pi Beta Phi.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement school operations, 1915&mdash;1943</h3><br>
<p>Early teachers at the Pi Beta Phi settlement school were moved by the "sad faces" and "stolid character" of the mountain children. The teachers were surprised to learn that many of the children didnt know basic childrens games, and most knew nothing about traditional Christmas celebrations. As the mountain children were fond of running through the forest barefooted, hookworm was a common parasite, and teacher Mary Pollard spent much of her 1913&ndash;1916 tenure trying to eradicate it. The Pi Beta Phis built a new six-room schoolhouse in 1914, and in 1916 added a new ten-room teachers cottage. During the 1918 flu pandemic, Head Resident Evelyn Bishop made numerous house calls in Gatlinburg and the vicinity that endeared the school to the local population. In 1920, Pi Beta Phi dispatched Canadian-born nurse Phyllis Higinbotham (who had previously worked at the Henry Street Settlement and Hindman Settlement School) to Gatlinburg to oversee the settlement schools health care needs.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, Pi Beta Phi installed Gatlinburgs first electric generator to provide power to the school. The following year, the school installed the towns first telephone in the Head Residents office. Around the same time, Pi Beta Phi teachers began teaching classes in the impoverished Sugarlands community south of Gatlinburg. A small hydroelectric dam was built in 1924 to replace the 1920 generator, and the school began publishing Gatlinburgs first newspaper, The Gatlinburg News, in 1925. In 1924, the Pi Beta Phis organized Gatlinburgs first agriculture co-op and later organized the towns first Chamber of Commerce. The Settlement Schools influence helped Gatlinburg maximize the benefits of the tourist boom that came in the 1930s, and helped keep much of the profits from the tourism industry in local hands. A number of the Settlement Schools students went on to play important roles in the development of Gatlinburg and the vicinity in the subsequent decades, among them Bruce Whaley (Riverside Hotel), Dick Whaley (Greystone Inn), Jack Huff (LeConte Lodge), and Charles Earl Ogle (the Mountain Mall and various other ventures).</p><br>
<p>In 1943, Sevier County assumed control of the Pi Beta Phi schools, and built a new school for elementary school students in 1950. Pi Beta Phi High School was consolidated with the high school at nearby Pittman Center in 1963 to form Gatlinburg-Pittman High School. Pi Beta Phi Elementary School, located immediately south of the Arrowmont campus, still serves Gatlinburg&#39;s kindergarten through 8th grade students (the current school building was built in the 1960s).</p><br>
<h3>Arrowcraft</h3><br>
<p>The American Arts and Crafts Revival, which began in the 19th century, helped create a market for traditional handicrafts that settlement house workers seized upon as a means of income for urban immigrants. In the early 20th century, the settlement school movement opened the same markets to the residents of Southern Appalachia. Noting the success of other settlement schools in marketing the regions crafts, Phi Beta Phi Settlement School Head Resident Caroline McKnight Hughes began purchasing handmade baskets and coverlets to sell to the fraternitys alumnae clubs. While Hughes easily found buyers for the items she purchased, she struggled with lack of cooperation from the locals, who didn&#39;t fully understand the demand for their products, and often ignored shipment deadlines and refused to sell items on credit.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, weaving instructor Winogene Redding joined the settlement schools staff, and began teaching traditional weaving. By 1926, 30 families were weaving for the school, and had successfully adapted to Reddings strict factory-like regimen of quality and deadlines. In 1927, teachers Harmo Taylor and Lois Rogers opened the Arrowcraft Shop on the settlement schools campus, which acted as both a showroom for passing tourists and a distribution center for shipments (the shop was named after Pi Beta Phis primary symbol, the arrow). Representatives from Arrowcraft helped establish the Southern Highland Craft Guild in 1929, which gave local artisans greater access to national markets. The Guild presently operates the Arrowcraft Store, which was built in 1940.</p><br>
<h3>Arrowmont</h3><br>
<p>After Sevier County assumed control of the Pi Beta Phi schools in 1943, the fraternity began focusing on its Arrowcraft division. In 1945, with the help of the University of Tennessee Home Economics Department, Pi Beta Phi established the Summer Crafts Workshop, which provided craft classes to students and teachers. The success of the workshops led to a proposal at the fraternity&#39;s 1954 convention to create a permanent, year-round school in Gatlinburg. The 1962 convention authorized the project.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, Pi Beta Phi disbanded the Settlement School Committee and established a Board of Governors for the new crafts school. The following year, the name "Arrowmont" was chosen, and Summer Crafts Workshop director Marian Heard was selected as head of the new school. In June 1970, Arrowmont dedicated its new 38,200 ft&sup2; Emma Harper Turner Building, which provides offices, classrooms, and studio space (the building&#39;s architect, Hubert Bebb, earned an Award of Merit from the American Institute of Architects for his design).</p><br>
<h2>Arrowmont today</h2><br>
<p>Arrowmont is currently known for its seasonal weekend, one-week and two-week workshops, which attract students from all over the world. Along with traditional handicrafts such as weaving and basketry, the school&#39;s curriculum has expanded to include courses on metalworking, ceramics, jewelry making, painting, photography, drawing, book binding, quilting, glasswork and woodworking. The school displays its work in five galleries on campus.</p><br>
<p>Arrowmont sponsors an 11-month Artist-in-Residence program for five artists selected annually. The school has also hosted dozens of conferences for various entities, including the American Craft Council, the Tennessee Art and Education Association, the Tennessee Watercolor Society, and a 1985 woodturner&#39;s conference that spawned the American Association of Woodturners. Major exhibitions hosted by Arrowmont have included the 1979 Southeastern Conference and Traditional Basketry Forms Exhibition, the 1982 Forms of Leather Exhibition, the 1983 Directions in Surface Design Exhibition, and the 1999 All Things Considered Exhibition. Arrowmont hosts major symposia, such as Utilitarian Clay: Celebrate The Object. Additionally, Arrowmont hosts over 1,200 local school children annually for a day of hands-on art immersion through its ArtReach program.</p><br>
<h3>Property sale proposals</h3><br>
<p>In July 2008, Pi Beta Phi notified Arrowmont that it had entered into negotiations with anonymous business interests for the sale of its Arrowmont property. While the fraternity offered to help fund the relocation of Arrowmont (and the business interests seeking to purchase the land stated that the preservation of Arrowmont was part of their development plans), the Arrowmont Board of Directors staunchly opposed the sale in a statement issued in 2008, arguing that any relocation would affect the school&#39;s future prosperity. On October 30, 2008, Pi Beta Phi withdrew from negotiations to sell the property.</p><br>
<p>In late 2013, Pi Beta Phi informed the Board of Governors of Arrowmont that they could purchase the property for $8,000,000 but that they had to raise the amount in 7 months. The City of Gatlinburg contributed $3,500,000 and the Sevier County Commission invested $750,000 "for a lot of reasons but ultimately, it was the right thing to do," according to Larry Waters, Mayor of the Sevier County Commission. A private foundation added $2,750,000 and the Arrowmont Board of Governors $300,000. Numerous gifts from Arrowmont&#39;s local and national friends narrowed the gap until only $500,000 remained to be raised. On April 2, 2014, the Board of Governors closed on a loan for $500,000 that made up the difference and the property was sold to Arrowmont.</p><br>
<h2>NRHP-listed structures</h2><br>
<p>The Arrowmont campus currently contains two historic districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Settlement School Dormitories and Dwellings Historic District, added March 20, 2007, consists of six structures and comprises approximately 5 acre on the east side of the Arrowmont campus.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement School Dormitories and Dwellings Historic District</h3><br>
<p>Helmick House/Teacher&#39;s Cottage, a -story frame bungalow built in 1916, and designed by architects (and Pi Beta Phi alumnae) Alda and Elmina Wilson. Locals provided the lumber and did much of the carpentry work.</p><br>
<p>Stuart Dormitory, a -story Colonial Revival dwelling built in 1941 and designed by Knoxville architects Barber & McMurry (this firm also designed the headquarters for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park a few miles to the south). The Stuart Dormitory replaced a cottage of the same name used by teachers before the construction of Helmick House. The original cottage was purchased by Pi Beta Phi sisters Melinda and Ann Stuart for the school&#39;s use in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Ruth Barrett Smith Staff House, or simply "Staff House," a one-story Colonial Revival building built in 1952 and designed by Barber & McMurry. The dining room was added to the west end in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Old Wood Studio, two attached one-story buildings and with an open-air workspace built in 1952.</p><br>
<p>Chicken coop, a one-story shed with a metal roof built in around 1923. Along with the Red Barn, the chicken coop was built as part of the settlement school&#39;s vocational agricultural program in the early 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Stock Barn, usually called the "Red Barn" and occasionally referred to as the "Model Barn," a two-story wooden crib barn built in 1923 and renovated in 1959 by Barber & McMurry. The barn was initially built as a model of proper barn construction as part of the settlement school&#39;s vocational agriculture program, and later used as a gymnasium and theater. It was renovated in 1959 for use as a dormitory.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement School Community Outreach Historic District</h3><br>
<p>Jennie Nicol Health Clinic Building, a one-story Rustic-style building built in 1948 and designed by Barber & McMurry. The building replaced a smaller clinic of the same name, which had been set up in 1922. The building&#39;s namesake was a founding member of Pi Beta Phi who died shortly after obtaining her medical degree.</p><br>
<p>Arrowcraft Shop, a one-story Rustic-style building built in 1940 and designed by Barber & McMurry. A one-story annex, also designed by Barber & McMurry, was added sometime around 1960, and now houses the shop&#39;s administrative offices. A third addition, designed by the Knoxville firm Cooper & Perry, was added in 1978 and now houses the gift shop.</p><br>
<p>Ogle Cabin, a half-dovetail notched single-pen log cabin built around 1807 by Gatlinburg&#39;s original pioneer settlers. Local tradition suggests that William Ogle (c. 1756&ndash;1803) "discovered" White Oak Flats (modern Gatlinburg) in the early 19th century, and cut and hewed the logs for the cabin with plans to return at some point with his family. Although William died before he could return, his wife, Martha Huskey, and her children and brothers made the trek to White Oak Flats in 1807 and assembled the logs. The descendants of William and Martha Ogle are still very active in the public and economic affairs of Gatlinburg. Pi Beta Phi set up a museum of mountain life in the cabin in the early 1920s. This cabin should not be confused with the NRHP-listed Noah Ogle Place, which lies inside the park a few miles south of Gatlinburg.</p><br>
<p>Cottage at the Creek, a one-story L-shaped Rustic-style building originally built around 1913 for use as a schoolhouse, expanded around 1926 for use as the original Arrowcraft Shop, and currently home to the Thomas Kinkade Gallery. Architect Hubert Bebb used it as an office while designing the Turner Building.</p><br>
<p>Craftsmans Fair Grounds and School Playground, a large open space between the community outreach buildings and Pi Beta Phi Elementary School, originally used as a food garden by the settlement school, and later the site of the first Southern Highland Handicraft Guild Craftsmans Fair in 1948. Part of the grounds now serve as a playground for the elementary school.</p><br>
<p>The Seiberling Mansion is a historic house located at Kokomo, Indiana, United States. In 1887, Monroe Seiberling of Akron, Ohio, traveled to Kokomo to open the Kokomo Strawboard Company, which would make shoeboxes out of straw and employ seventy-five people. Within six months, Seiberling, uncle of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company founder Frank Seiberling, sold the Kokomo Strawboard Company and opened the Diamond Plate Glass Company. He began construction on his mansion in October 1889 at a cost of $50,000, with construction ending within two years. The mansion is built in a mixture of Neo-Jacobean  and Romanesque Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the Seiberling Mansion was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located in the Old Silk Stocking Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is owned by the Howard County Historical Society and serves as the main museum of the Howard County Historical Museum.</p><br>
